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Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Nasser, Egypt and Arab nationalism

Karima Ranieri History A level Inglês 68 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (68)

  1. 1Nasser and the West British influence in Egypt during the Second World War- British used Egypt as a base for their desert campaigns against the Germans and Italians.
    - In 1942, they insisted that the Egyptian king replace his 'pro-German' prime minister with a pro-British one.
    - Increasing dominance in the Suez Canal.
  2. 2What did the British and Americans try to persuade Nasser's government to join in the 1950s?An anti-Soviet alliance.
    (Baghdad Pact)
  3. 3How did Nasser feel about the 'Soviet threat'- 'Five thousand miles away'
    - Western powers and Israel posed a much greater threat to Egypt's stability.
  4. 4When was the Baghdad Pact and why was it created? Who did it persuade to join?- 1955
    - At the height of the Cold War, the British formed an anti-Soviet alliance with Turkey and Iran, they tried to persuade the government of Iraq to join.
  5. 5How did Nasser feel about the Baghdad Pact?- Didn't want Arab states to join.
    - Seemed like British interference in Arab affairs again.
    - Baghdad Pact = instrument of Western intervention.
  6. 6What was the 'Voice of the Arabs' and what did it represent? As a propaganda tool, what did it manage to achieve in regards to the Baghdad Pact?- Arab world's biggest radio station.
    - Reached millions in the Arab world.
    - Nasser appeal of Arab unity.
    - Opposition to Western imperialism.
    - Won wide-scale Arab support.
    - Only Iraq, out of all the Arab states, was able to join the Baghdad Pact.
  7. 7Nasser and the non-aligned world- Nasser wanted to remain neutral.
    - Many countries followed suit and remained non-aligned.
    - In 1955, Nasser attended the first conference in Bandung, Indonesia, with the non-aligned states.
  8. 8When was the Czechs arms deal?September 1955
  9. 9What did the Czechs arms deal September 1955 entail? How was it a success for Nasser?- Agreement to buy arms for sales of cotton and rice.
    - Nasser secured the weapons Egypt needed to defend itself.
    - Successful in portraying diminishing influence of the West.
  10. 10Nasser and the Suez crisis 1956 How did the other Arab states follow Nasser's defiance against the Western powers? How did this unify the Arabs even more?- After the Suez crisis, Syria and Saudi Arabia broke off relations with Britain and France.
    - Jordan signed a military pact with Syria and Egypt.
    - January 1957, a 'Treaty of Arab Solidarity' was signed by Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
  11. 11Arab cold war Which Arab governments were wary of Nasser? Why?- Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
    - All three were ruled by conservative monarchies.
    - Suspicious of Nasser's motives; felt that Nasser's Arab nationalism was a cover for Egyptian imperialism.
  12. 12When was the United Arab Republic formed and till when?1958-1961
  13. 13Why did it form?- Syria accepted economic and military aid from the Soviet Union.
    - USA persuaded Turkey to move troops to its border with Syria.
    - Egypt moved troops to Syria.
    - Syrian parliament voted immediate union with Egypt.
  14. 14How did Nasser feel about the possible unification between Syria and Egypt?- Nasser was not enthusiastic.
    - Syria + Egypt = no common border.
    - Different political and economic systems.
    - He insisted that political and economic systems of Syria would have to be merged with those of Egypt. - It would mean bringing its major industries and banks under government control.
  15. 15How did the Syrians feel about a possible reunion?- Syrians felt vulnerable.
    - Syrian population: 4 million
    - Egypt population: 26 million.
    They thought they would feel more secure uniting with Egypt.
  16. 16When was the UAR born?February 1958
  17. 17What happened 5 months after the creation of the UAR, in Iraq?- The Iraqi army overthrew and killed their king and his leading minister, Nuri al-Said, and declared Iraq a republic.
    - The country left the Baghdad Pact, which then collapsed.
  18. 18What were the problems with the UAR, why did it end in 1961?- Syrians felt inferior: the army and government of the new Arab state was dominated by Egyptians.
    - Landowners and businessmen disliked Nasser's Arab Socialism.
    - Egyptians insisted Syria carry out land reform; breaking up big estates and redistributing land to the peasants.
    - In September 1961, Syrian army officers carried out a coup, Egyptian forces did not intervene.
    - New Syrian prime minister wished to maintain a close alliance with Egypt.
  19. 19What council did Nasser and the Free Officers form after they took power in 1952?The Revolutionary Command Council
  20. 20What happened to leading members of the Wafd and the ex-kings government?They were put on trial and imprisoned.
  21. 21What happened when Nasser dominated the government in 1954? How was the political system under him?- Ensured most senior positions were held by army officers or people with a military background.
    - In January 1953, all political parties were banned.
    - National Union was declared to be the only legitimate political party.
    - Army dominated Egyptian politics.
    - Parliament power = limited
    - Great majority of Egyptians consented to this highly authoritarian rule, even after the disaster of the 1967 war.
  22. 22Which group did not consent willingly to Nasser?The Muslim Brotherhood
  23. 23When was the Muslim Brotherhood founded?1928
  24. 24What were the aims of the Muslim brotherhood? Who did they appeal to and what did they offer?- Renewed faith in Islam
    - Appealed to urban masses who were most exploited
    - Offered social welfare for all the family
    - Its schools taught traditional Muslim learning
  25. 25What did Nasser fear? What did Nasser do with the Brotherhood?- The influence of the Muslim Brotherhood.
    - It represented an alternative to his National Union and may attract the allegiance of all Muslims.
    - Brotherhood was banned, along with the other parties, in 1953.
  26. 26What happened during Nasser's speech in October 1954?- In October 1954, Nasser was shot at by a member of the Brotherhood, non of the shots hit Nasser and after a pause, Nasser proceeded with his speech.
  27. 27How did Nasser deal with the Brotherhood after the attack?- Arrested thousands of Muslim Brothers, 6 were hanged for taking part in the assassination.
  28. 28Nasser and 'Arab socialism' List the transformations Nasser set out socially in terms of Egyptian economy and equality to the rural masses- Land reform
    - Nasser passed a law which limited land-owning to 200 acres per person, later reduced to 100 acres.
    - Land confiscated was given to poorer farmers.
    - Rural poverty was reduced and farming became more efficient.
    - Government confiscated property of over 1000 wealthy landowners.
  29. 29Nasser and 'Arab socialism' what did Nasser nationalise by 1967?- Export of cotton
    - Banks
    - Large industrial companies
    - Transport
    - The Press
    - Suez Canal
  30. 30What was the Aswan Dam project for?- Plan to industrialise Egypt depended on reliable energy supplies, so the Aswan Dam was important in creating hydroelectric power.
  31. 31What was the result of Nasser's programmes?- He managed to expand schools and hospitals, reduced poverty, increase opportunity for the masses
    - The construction of the Dam was a huge achievement and provided 7 million kWh each year, over 2000 villages had been electrified by 1970.
  32. 32In 1963, what project was Israel about to complete? How was this a threat to certain Arab countries?- The Israelis were about to complete a project to divert 75% of water from the River Jordan to Israel for irrigation and industrial development.
    - This was a great threat to Syria and Jordan who depended on water from the river.
  33. 33What did Nasser do to illustrate Arab unity?- He called for a conference of Arab leaders in Cairo in January 1964.
  34. 34What was agreed to be set up in the conference?The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 1964
  35. 35What did Egypt sign with Syria in 1966?A defence agreement which paved way for the events that led to the Six Day War 1967.
  36. 36When did Nasser die?In 1970, heart attack.
  37. 37Who was Nasser succeeded by?Anwar Sadat
  38. 38How was Sadat viewed by the Arab world?- When Sadat flew to Israel in 1977, Arab countries disapproved of his actions.
    - The peace treaty with Israel in 1979, further illustrated a betrayal of the Arab cause.
  39. 39How was Sadat's domestic policy different to that of Nasser?- He relaxed some of the harsher aspects of Nasser's rule.
    - Press was allowed more freedom
    - Political parties could operate again
    - Policy of intifah encouraged private investment.
  40. 40When the Muslim Brotherhood reappeared, what did they express opposition to?- Western influence in Egypt:
    Dress code and alcohol
    - Attacked the peace made with Israel.
    - They called for an Islamic state.
  41. 41What did Sadat fear in September 1981? What did he do to eliminate this feeling of 'fear'?That the Muslim Brotherhood would attempt to overthrow him, and so he arrested 1500 people.
  42. 42What happened a month later?He was gunned down by a group of Islamists within the army.
  43. 43Who succeeded Sadat?Hosni Mubarak 1981-2011
  44. 44What were Egypt's relations with the USA under Mubarak?- They remained a close ally and received more financial aid than any other country except Israel.
  45. 45Was there a threat from the Muslim Brotherhood and other militant Islamic groups?- In the 1990s, the most militant Islamist group launched a series of violent attacks on government ministers, officials, the president himself and foreign tourists.
  46. 46When did Mubarak step down and hand power to the army leaders?in 2011 after mass protests known as the 'Arab Spring'
  47. 47How long was Syria under the Baathists for?From 1963 - 2011
  48. 48What did the Baathists believe in? What was their aim?- They believed that the Arabs could only achieve full independence through full Arab unity.
  49. 49When did the Baathists seize power?Two years after the UAR broke up (1963)
  50. 50Who did the Baathists gain most support from?Urban educated middle classes
    Alawites - formed 12% of the population in Syria but held prominent positions in the army and Baath Party.
  51. 51Syria's Muslim Brotherhood, what did they believe and were they popular?- Opposed the Baathist government
    - Believed that Islam should play a central role in the government and legal system
    - Attracted mass support, especially from Sunni Muslims.
  52. 52When did the defence minister, General Hafiz al-Assad, seize power?In 1970, and a year later he became president.
  53. 53What did Assad order, in order to diminish threat of Brotherhood? How did they react in 1979?- When Assad ordered a crackdown on the Brotherhood in the late 1970s, the latter went on the offensive.
    - in 1979 they attacked the military academy in Aleppo, killing over 250 military cadets, majority of whom were Alawites.
  54. 54How did the government respond to their actions?- Sent 25,000 troops into Aleppo.
    - Arrested over 8000 Muslim brothers and killed over 500 unarmed Muslim Brotherhood prisoners in their cells.
  55. 55What happened in 1981 in Hama?Army launched an attack on the city of Hama, the centre of Islamist opposition since the 1960s.
    They killed several hundred men, women and children.
  56. 56What did the Brotherhood do in retaliation?- In November, a single car bomb killed 200 people.
  57. 57What did the Syrian army do in 1982? How many people were killed?- Full-scale military attack on Hama, using tanks and aircraft.
    - Army demolished whole areas of the city, burying the defenders and killing the townspeople who were suspected to support the Brotherhood.
    Between 10,000 and 20,000 were killed.
  58. 58When did President Assad die?2000
  59. 59Who succeeded him?His son Bashar al-Assad
  60. 60What did Bashar al-Assad do in order to give more freedom?- He released hundreds of political prisoners and allowed the press more freedom
  61. 61What did security services continue to do? How did the citizens react?- Detained people without trial
    - Islamists given long prison sentences
    - In 2011, there were riots and demands for more democracy.
    - Demands for Assad's resignation spread when teenagers were arrested and tortured for painting revolutionary slogans on a school wall.
  62. 62Saudi Arabia and the US To what extent did the Saudi king rely on the US before and after the Second World War?- The Saudi King's country was remote, poor and undeveloped.
    - This led him to ally with the West, particularly the USA.
    - After WW2, oil production brought great wealth to the country.
    - To develop and protect its oil, the Saudi King looked to the west.
    - The country's alliance with the West was made stronger due to joint fear and hatred against Soviet communism.
  63. 63Saudi Arabia and the Muslim people How did the Saudi monarchy portray that they were devout Muslims, regardless of dependence on the US? Did they face opposition?- Financed Muslim charities
    - Built mosques and Islamic schools
    - 1979: Saudi religious extremists denounced their rulers as corrupt.
    - They seized control of the Great Mosque in Mecca.
    - Their armed protest was crushed by the army.
  64. 64Saudi Arabi and Arab nationalism How did the Saudi's find Nasser? To what extent did they portray signs of Arab nationalism?- Disliked him.
    - Financed the PLO.
    - Initiated the embargo on the sale of oil to the West in 1973.
    - Condemned Egypt's peace treaty with Israel in 1979.
  65. 65The transformation of Saudi Arabia Successes made under the conservative Arab state?- Late 1970s, Saudi Arabia had vast financial reserves (greater than USA and Japan combined)
    - With their huge oil revenues, they built roads, airports, schools, hospitals, and housing.
    - People became healthier, better housed and more educated.
    - After the succession of a new king in 2005, the first female minister was appointed and a co-educational university was established.
  66. 66The transformation of Saudi Arabia Failures made under the conservative Arab state?- Women's rights were still restricted.
    - Local elections introduced but national assembly and parliament were not allowed.
  67. 67Key debate: What was the nature of Arab nationalism? Opposition to Zionism- Creation of the state of Israel in 1948
    - Joint hatred of Zionism
    - Differences
    - PLO creation
  68. 68Key debate: What was the nature of Arab nationalism? Opposition to Western intervention- Freedom from western influence
    - Baghdad Pact
    - Suez Crisis
    - Voice of the Arabs
    - Anti-imperialist stance
    - Western creation of Israel

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A level History (Middle East) FlashCards sobre Chapter 7 - Nasser, Egypt and Arab nationalism, criado por Karima Ranieri em 03-06-2017.
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Karima Ranieri
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