Flashcards
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Flashcards do conjunto (6)
- 1Outline the Meta-analysis by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988Investigated the proportions of secure, avoidant and resistant attachments across a range of cultures and countries
32 studies, 8 countries and almost 2000 infants
Secure was most common in all countries from 50% in China to 75% in Britain
Individualist cultures had rates of insecure-resistant similar to Ainsworth - but in collectivist cultures rates were all above 25% e.g. Israel. Insecure-avoidant was most common in Germany and least in Japan
Variations within countries were 150% greater than between cultures e.g. one study in the US found 48% secure and another 90% - 2Outline the key study by Simonelli et al. 1994Researchers assessed 76 12-month olds using the strange situation to assess if the attachment styles had stayed the same in Italy
Mothers varied in terms of educational level and their professions
36% avoidant, 50% secure - which is lower than in previous studies
Researchers suggested this is due to the increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using professional childcare
Cultural changes can make dramatic differences in the patterns of attachment - 3Why is a large sample a strength?The meta-analysis used nearly 2000 babies
Even Simonella's study had comparatively large samples.
Increases internal validity by reducing the impact of anomalies caused by unusual PPTs or bad methodology - 4Why may the sample not be representative of cultures?Meta-analysis compared countries not cultures - within countries there are many different cultures with different child-rearing practices
One sample might for example, over-represent those living in poverty, the stress of which may affect child care
e.g. in urban Tokyo there were similar proportions to western culture but rural samples revealed higher levels of resistant
Differences between countries may be meaningless - the cultural characteristics of the sample need to be specified - 5Describe why the Strange Situation may be biased towards British/US cultureThe SS was designed by American researchers and is based on a British theory
Trying to apply a theory designed for one culture to another is known as imposed etic - this disregards the notion of cultural uniqueness
The idea that a lack of pleasure upon reunion signals avoidant attachment is an imposed etic - in Germany this may be seen as independence rather than avoidant and hence not a sign of insecurity within that context (Grossman and Grossman 1990) - 6There is an alternative explanation for the similarities between cultures. What is it?Mass Media
Bowlby assumed the similarities were due to attachment being innate and universal. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggested that it could be down to mass media
There are many books/tv programmes broadcasted all over the world suggesting the best practice for child-rearing
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- - Psychology (ATTACHMENT) FlashCards sobre CULTURAL VARIATIONS, criado por Lianna Peryer em 30-06-2017.
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- Lianna Peryer
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