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Flashcards

Equine ID

Ben Harries Veterinary Medicine Inglês 58 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (58)

  1. 1What is the latin name for strangles?Streptococcus equi var. equi
  2. 2Give the main clinical features of stranglespyrexia, dull, inappetant, inflammatory changes on blood sample
  3. 3What is guttural pouch epyema?Lymph node abscesses burst into guttural pouches
  4. 4Explain bastard stranglesTransient bacteriaemia, abscess may form in other lymph nodes/tissues, disseminated abscesses difficult to treat
  5. 5What are guttural pouch chondroids?Untreated guttural pouch epyema causes pus to thicken and solid chondroids form
  6. 6Explain the morphology of Streptococcus equiPrimary pathogen, gram positive, coccoid, pairs/chains, catalase-negative faculative anaerobes
  7. 7How could you diagnose strangles?Culture, PCR, serology; guttural pouch wash to confirm horse free of infection
  8. 8How do you treat strangles?isolation, sympatomatic treatment (anti-inflammatories), anti-microbials
  9. 9Differentiate between the acute & chronic signs of Rhodococcus equiAcute - fever, anorexia, cough, nasal discharge
    Chronic - cough, dyspnoea, weight loss, exercise intolerance, loud moist crackles on ausculation
  10. 10Outline the pathogenesis of Rhodococcus equiMultiplies within alveolar macrophages → continual cycle of attraction & destruction leads to abscess/capsule formation → destruction of alveoli & Peyer's patches in gut
  11. 11What complications can arise with Rhodococcus equi?Polyarthritis, granulomatous ulcerative enterocolitis & mesenteric lymphadenitis, corneal oedema & anterior uveitis
  12. 12Outline the morphology of Rhodococcus equiGram positive, pleomorphic rod, aerobic soil saprophyte & normal flora of GI tract
  13. 13What virulence factors does Rhodococcus equi possess?Polysaccharide lipid rich capsule inhibits phagocytosis, intracellular pathogen due to inhibitory cell surface antigens
  14. 14How is Rhodococcus equi transmitted?Inhalation & oral routes
  15. 15How could you diagnose Rhodococcus equi?Clinical signs, tracheal wash & culture (and possibly PCR), radiography & ultrasonography, bloods (fibrinogen)
  16. 16What bacteria can result in broncho/pleuropneumonia?Aerobic/faculative anaerobes - β-haemolytic streptococcus spp., Pasteurellaecae, Actinobacillus spp., enterobacteriacae, Pseudomonas
    Anaerobes - Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium
  17. 17What factors predispose a horse to bronchopneumonia?Long distance transport (dust aspiration), viral respiratory disease (damages epithelia), aspiration pneumonia (oesophageal obstruction), exercise, GA
  18. 18List the stages of broncho/pleuropneumonia1. Bronchopneumonia
    2. Acute exudative stage - inflammation of lung & pleura, sterile protein rich pleural exudate
    3. Fibrinopurulent stage - bacteria invade & multiply in pleural fluid, fibrin deposits on pleural surfaces, lymphatic obstruction
    4. Organisational stage
  19. 19What are the signs of broncho/pleuropneumonia?Systemic illness, reduced lung sounds ventrally & dull on percussion, pleurodynia, soft cough
  20. 20How could you diagnose broncho/pleuropneumonia?Ultrasonography, thoracocentesis, TTW & culture
  21. 21What are the signs of influenza?Pyrexia, nasal discharge, coughing, tachypnea, inappetance, retropharyngel lymphadenopathy, weight loss
  22. 22Outline the pathogenesis of influenzaInhaled virus → attaches to respiratory mucosal cells → haemagluttin attaches to sialic acid on host cells → neuraminidase dacilitates entry to cell & inhibits mucociliary clearance → virus spreads along whole respiratory tract → damage to epithelia & cilia
  23. 23How could you treat influenza?NSAIDs, air hygeine, antimicrobials, antiviral drugs available but not regularly used
  24. 24Describe what each form of Equine herpes virus is associated with1 - respiratory, abortion, myeloencephalopathy
    2 - keratitis
    3 - coital exanthema
    4 - respiratory
    5 - multinodular
    (6-8 - donkeys)
  25. 25Outline the pathogenesis of EHV 1 & 4Inhaled → attaches & replicates in mucosal epithelium of nasal passage, pharynx & tonsillar tissue → URT inflammation & secondary infection → transported to other tissues via T cells
  26. 26What are the signs of EHV 1 & 4?Biphasic fever, lethargy & inappetance, oedema & hyperaemia of mucosa, serous nasal discharge becoming mucopurulent if secondary infection occurs
  27. 27How could you diagnose EHV 1 & 4?Virus isolation through nasal swab or tracheal wash, PCR serology with 4-fold rise in serum titre
  28. 28What are the signs of equine rhinovirus?Mild resp. disease, rapidly spreading; fever, anorexia, serous nasal discharge, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia
  29. 29How is equine viral arteritis transmitted?Respiratory route, venereal or trans-placental
  30. 30What are the signs of viral arteritis?febrile, depression, anorexia, leukopenia, respiratory signs, peripheral oedema, generalised vasculitis
  31. 31How could you diagnose equine viral arteritis?History of contact with infected stallion, serology, virus isolation, PCR
  32. 32Outline the pathogenesis of African horse sicknessInsect borne → severe vascular endothelial damage in resp/CV systems → leakage of protein rich fluid into interstitium → prominent oedema in lungs, thorax, pericardium & head
  33. 33Describe the 4 different forms of African horse sicknessPulmonary - febrile, pulmonary oedema, sweating, cyanosis, rucmbency, death
    Cardiac - insidious onset w/persistent fever, oedema of head & neck, congested mucous membranes, mild colic, slow death
    Mixed - various combinations, rapid detrioration, horse sickness fever-like
    Horse sickness fever - mild flu-like
  34. 34What are the signs of streptococcal dematitis?Mild to moderate painful skin infections (S.equi var. zooepidemicus) & abscesses (S.equi var. equi)
  35. 35How could you diagnose streptococcal dermatitis?Culture & clinical features
  36. 36How could you treat streptococcal dermatitis?Sensitive to penicicllin, drain abscesses, topical antimicrobial washes in superficial infections
  37. 37What are the most common bacteria in staphylococcal dermatitis?S. aureus & intermedius
  38. 38What are the signs of staphylococcal dermatitis?Pain, localised exudative dermatitis, focal lesions
  39. 39How could you treat staphylococcal dermatitis?Clip hair & antiseptic washes with warm water, drain abscesses, systemic antimicrobials
  40. 40What are the signs of Dematophilosis (rain scald)?Initial small lesions, more severe in winter, mild pain
  41. 41How could you diagnose dermatophilosis?Easily recognised, direct smears, culture
  42. 42How could you treat dermatophilosis?Dry environment, remove matted hair & crusts, antimicrobial wash & systemic antimicrobials if severe
  43. 43What are the signs of dermatophytosis (ringworm)?Small circular patches of hair 'sticking' up, accumulation of keratinised squames (cigarette ash), weakening of hair, secondary bacterial infection, heals centrifugally from centre of lesion
  44. 44How could you diagnose dermatophytosis?Skin scraping, hair pluck, culture
  45. 45How could you treat dermatophytosis?isolation (zoonotic), self-limiting, topical treatment, environmental & tack disinfection
  46. 46How does viral papilloma appear?Pink/grey lesions on muzzle, lips, face, limbs & genitals; no evidence of pain or pruritis
  47. 47How could you treat viral papilloma?Spontanrous resolution, surgical excision, topical antivirals, autogenous vaccination
  48. 48How is coital exanthema transmitted?Veneral disease caused by EHV-3, transmission by indirect contact & inhalation of virus-laden droplet
  49. 49What are the signs of coital exanthema?Rapidly developing papules on penis, vulva & perineum, lesions mildly pruritic but not painful, healing may leave permanently depigmented spots
  50. 50How could you treat coital exanthema?Stop breeding till 3wks post-healing, topical
  51. 51What are the signs of EHV-1?Result of vasculitis & thrombosis of arterioles in brain & spinal cord; ataxia in indlimbs up to recumbency, atony of bladder, flaccid tail, anus & perineal hypoalgesia
  52. 52How could you diagnose EHV-1?Virus isolation, PCR, serology, CSF analysis
  53. 53Outline the pathogenesis of rabiesLocal inoculation at wound → access to peripheral nerves → gradual movement centrally → replication in spinal/dorsal root ganglia → rapid spread in CNS → centrifugal spread down nerves
  54. 54What are the signs of rabies?No pathognomic signs
    Different forms - spinal/paralytic, dumb, furious
  55. 55What are the 3 groups of arbovirus and their diseases?Group A - Western, Eastern & Venezuelan equine encephalitis
    Group B - West Nile Virus, Japanese encephalitis
    Group C - limited infection in horses
  56. 56Outline the pathogenesis of West Nile virusReplicates in birds → transferred by mosquitoes → initial viral replication at inoculation site → viraemia → can enter CNS
  57. 57What are the neurological signs of West Nile virus?Muscle fasciculations over entire body, weakness, ataxia, dysmetria, cranial nerves & mentation may be affected
  58. 58How could you diagnose West Nile virus?Ag specific testing (ELISA) or post-mortem

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Veterinary Medicine (ID) FlashCards sobre Equine ID, criado por Ben Harries em 11-08-2017.
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Ben Harries
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