Flashcards
Globalization final
Flashcards do conjunto (50)
- 1—domestic containment- suppression of all social and cultural elements deemed subversive because of their deviation from the state supported ideal; true individualism was not accepted and could be denounced as enemy propaganda; live the American dream by buying the same things as everyone else; creates unachievable standards on behavior
- 2—problem of domestic containment- forestalls the possibility of change for pressing social issues; set unachievable standards on behavior
- 3—suburbanization- white flight removal of middle class whites from urban areas to the suburbs; removes wealthy base from inner cities, creates the problems of modern urban centers, largely populated by ethnic minorities
- 4—existentialism- influence of world war 2 and the holocaust- the universe is random and absurd, good things do not always happen to good people; liberalism based on reason leads to things like fascism- the betterment of human society by equating human beings to numbers and formulas to be balanced
- 5—radical individualism- we exist without meaning, we must create ourselves from scratch, we are nothing other than which we self create, bad faith= depending on another's rules/definitions; existential solution- preserve the individual, leave behind the idea of a society governed by reason
- 6—lyndon b johnson is sworn into presidency after John f Kennedy is assassinated; signs the civil rights act that shows how great society was off to a great start
- 7—one of the first American cities to have a majority black population; run by all white council, mayor, major positions filled by whites; two white officers arrest and incapacitate a black cab driver for improperly passing them; shows how there is struggle related to progress
- 8—brutalist architecture- angular imposing structure, strict concrete construction, function- stability of institutions (the government is a rock in these uncertain times); veneer of stability- protection against internal fracture
- 9—ultimate expression of American cultural revolution- iconic popular image elevated to high art; pop art as challenging ideas of establishment art- the establishment does not speak for the people; cultural function- elevating popular culture (the peoples art) to the status of the establishment; revolutionary significance- the government does not control culture
- 10—hippie/drug/beat culture- encourages the questioning of established authority while at the same time expanding your personal creativity; existentialism- create your own destiny, don't take others rules as your own
- 11—1960s identity politics/new leftism- culture war- disuniting of America; great society failed to produce the expected unity and stability; Vietnam war increasingly became a symbol of the cultural gap between older and younger Americans; civil rights demonstrations, antiwar protests, and the youth culture of the 1960s = tension
- 12—escalating pressure on Johnson; Martin Luther king criticizes African American involvement in Vietnam when they are second class citizens at home; sanitation workers strike in Memphis in response to failed reform plan, king joins forces with workers; Johnson does not seek second term; Martin Luther king assassinated four days later which result in massive riots
- 13—eastern bloc; Czechoslovakian reforms under Alexander Dubcek are quelled by soviet invasion, met with students protests; establishes the Brezhnev doctrine- that national interests must be subordinated to the larger interests of the eastern bloc; Prague spring has a profound effect on American politics- many on the left who were supporters of the Soviet Union turned away from the ussr towards the American right in response
- 14—richard Nixon elected president; promises an end to the war both at home and abroad- peace with dignity; wins by appealing to the silent majority- those that were tired of war protests, racial strife, and hippie counterculture; anti-establishment candidate
- 15—problem of decolonization- implies that you return to something that had been; tow fold dilemma- you cannot recover political identities of pre-conquest times and you cannot make artificial boundaries seem natural
- 16—United Nations resolution; declaration on the granting of independence to colonial c countries and peoples- all former colonies have a right to self determination
- 17—Cold War; not an outright aggression between enemy countries but battles fought in small theaters; usually these battles take place as civil wars following decolonization that were interpreted as democratic vs communist; self determination has already been a problem in the context of the Cold War, Korean War
- 18—six day war 1967; Israel controversy over its founding; Israel invaded Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq ruled by arab nationalism (nasserism); Israel defeats them all; shows the turning away from state based solutions to problems of national identity and the establishment of native regimes; rejection of the idea of the modern nation state as a unifying force
- 19—Vietnam war- French vs communists under ho chi Minh, French army defeated in their colony of Indochina, Vietnam divided between communist north and democratic south; now Indochina vs Vietnam- former modes of organization no longer exist and new ones not easily made natural; answer- east vs west- bipolar Cold War world- liberalism vs communism, developing country becomes a trench in east west Cold War- east- communism, west- liberal
- 20—ho chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam on the principle of self determination; Vietnam identity constructed around Leninism (east/communist) vs French imperialism (west/liberal); US pledges support to France in Indochina against the Chinese; problems- Vietnamese want independence from a colonial power, US committed to liberal ideals and self determination, liberal principles over ridden by Cold War bipolarity
- 21—problem with south Vietnamese government being upheld by the US as anti-communist is that the leader was very unpopular and was against buddhists in a primarily buddhist country and used his anti-communism to jail political opponents
- 22—president of south Vietnam was assassinated which led the US to solidify control over the government of south Vietnam; after Kennedy is assassinated, Johnson becomes president and is given his own term for favoring escalation in the Vietnam war; opted for guerrilla warfare but the fighting ended up taking place near places the US wanted to save because of the fighting between south Vietnamese communist guerrilla warfare and regular south Vietnamese
- 23—televised war- for the first time people could see what was happening- had a heavy part in turning minds against the war
- 24—four students protesters killed by national guardsmen at Kent state university; shift in mentality- the war is no longer noble but an inherent contradiction between liberal freedom and sacrifice
- 25—fall of Saigon- US forces evacuate the city as the north Vietnamese army overruns it; south Vietnam president hands over power to ho chi minh; Americans and south Vietnamese refugees scramble aboard helicopters on top of the US embassy
- 26—napalm- a jellied gasoline that melts the skin so that it cannot be removed, thus the victim is slowly roasted to death
- 27—south Vietnamese children fleeing a napalm attack
- 28—agent orange- a defoliant composed of dioxin, intended to destroy jungles where guerrilla Viet cong were hidden
- 29—quang tri province- before=triple layer jungle, after= desert
- 30—change in the late 1970s from the early 1970s; early 1970s- cultural trauma- loss of national identity and self esteem; late 1970s- election of jimmy carter, reclaiming an American identity, disco, leisure, consumption, glamour, drugs, sex, carelessness, shift in cultural mentality- craziness as a reaction to political/social/economic trauma
- 31—Iranian revolution- overthrow of CIA installed dictator Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and installation of ayatollah Khomeini, returned to Tehran from exile; shows the ramifications of Cold War policy; anti communist shah installed by the CIA in 1953, mosques become the only place to express political dissent= islamization of middle eastern politics, islamic nationalism = anti-western= anti-imperial (think decolonization)
- 32—oil shock, Iranian revolution disturbs production and export of oil causing loss of oil exports and oil prices reaching peak, oil shock ends welfare sate economy in the west and command economy in the Soviet Union
- 33—Iranian hostage crisis- Iranian revolutionaries take over the US embassy in Tehran demanding that the US return the Shah to Iran for trial, hostages held for 444 days, failed rescue mission by the carter administration
- 34—viet cong overtake saigon as north vietnamese tanks crash through the gates of the US embassy
- 35—ronald reagan elected in 1980; evil empire speech takes a new turn in US politics toward the Soviet Union- claiming that the USSR was an evil empire of totalitarian thugs and that Marxism-Leninism would be left on the ash heap of history
- 36—afghan soviet war- afghans ask for soviet intervention after islamic mujahideen attempt to overthrow the government, soviet Vietnam- loss of money and resources, major strategic loss for the soviet military, revealed the ineptitude of soviet leadership
- 37—soviet unions years of defense spending and decrease in oil revenue left huge areas of infrastructure badly maintained; Chernobyl reactor exploded- because of the intense secrecy of the soviet government, the KGB held back details of the explosion that put many soviet countries at risk, revealed the cracks in the soviet system
- 38—the Berlin Wall comes down after leapzig demonstrated against East German government; people were sad about the wall coming down when in the 60s people were sad that it was built
- 39—in the late 1970s and early 1980s there was a rise of conservatism in US/UK with president Ronald reagan and prime minister Margaret thatcher; possible end of existentialism; destroy the welfare state, return to classic liberal principles- individual and personal responsibility guided by a moral order
- 40what is post modernism? meta-narratives?an incredulity toward meta-narratives; meta-narratives=universals/ forms; post-modern= post-universal
- 41—Stuyvesant town nyc- 1920s international style- universal/form/geometric/order, ends all particularists that breed conflict (nationalism/ethnicity/religion), solution to urban problems of race and class
- 42—dynamiting of the Pruitt-igoe housing project; shows that particularists are important; whereas nyc was a successful integration housing project, this was a very different economic and ethnic situation; constructed in 1951, fell into vandalism and disrepair within a few years' post modernism as embracing the particular as good
- 43—philosopher Jacques Derrida with the idea of deconstruction- philosophical concept that posits the idea that all texts once created are dead, the meaning of it can never be fully understood, any interpretation of a text is simply a new text in itself; to attempt understanding one must deconstruct the forms and structures that shape the way western culture thinks
- 44—prudential center- deconstructivist architecture- designs that deny the standard universal geometric forms; brings universalism- no class, race, gender- to class divided 19th century back bay (brownstones)
- 45—John Hancock tower; post modern architecture emphasis on particularity; reflective windows to show the 19th century trinity church in copley square with old Hancock building behind it
- 46—building in Boston thats an example of pastiche- work that imitates the style or composition of a previous work in a playful but respectful manner, work consisting of pieces and fragments compiled from various sources, fragments cited reflect older texts but the grand narrative they represent is dead, the pastiche uses them to create a more localized and particular narrative giving the local narrative greater strength
- 47—New York triumph over Paris; all painters; triumph of particularism over universal form; example of pastiche
- 48—Jacques Derrida and paul de man grapple on a cliff composed of deconstructionist text; playful imitation, subtle cultural references- the particularity of the image makes the subject reference understandable; example of pastiche; relates to Sherlock Holmes
- 49—iPod shuffle; popular culture seen as pastiche; focus on particular songs without reference to context
- 50—nirvana; loss of significance- if every particular is ripped from its context then everything is unrelated and has no meaning, loss of cultural substance or identity; reflection of the lost generation- coming of age post 1989 and the collapse of the Cold War meta-narrative, disaffection- where do we seek meaning and significance if everything is ripped from its context
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- History FlashCards sobre Globalization final, criado por Catherine Meredith em 02-05-2018.
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- Catherine Meredith
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