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Heather M Veterinary Medicine Inglês 65 flashcards

Carnivore and omnivore dental formulae?

Flashcards do conjunto (65)

  1. 1Cleft lip and palate?Failure to close the primary palate results in cleft lip, and failure to close the secondary palate results in cleft palate. (Congenital oronasal fistula – an abnormal communication between the oral and nasal cavity).
  2. 2Syringomyelia?A congenital condition affecting several different breeds of dog, notably CKCS, where the occipital bone is undersized (hypoplasia) . This causes the cerebellum to become pressed against the foramen magnum and interrupt normal flow of CSF. Pockets of CSF then build up within the brain causing neurological conditions.
  3. 3Tympanic bulla?Part of the temporal bone.
    Filled with air
    Contains the middle ear
    Filled with air in the healthy animal
    Bounded laterally by the tympanic membrane covering the external auditory meatus.
    Radiographically visible.
  4. 4Hyoid apparatus?The hyoid apparatus is a series of small bones and cartilages that together form a suspensory mechanism for the tongue and larynx. It is radiographically visible.
  5. 5Palpable foramina in the dog and cat?Inferior/mandibular alveolar foramen (mandibular alveolar nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)
    mental foramen (mental nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)
    Infraorbital foramen
    (infraorbital nerve of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve)
  6. 6Palpable foramina in the horse and ox - in addition to the , infraorbital, inferior alveolar and the mental there is the supraorbital foramen?Supraorbital foramen
    (supraorbital/frontal nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve)
  7. 7Dog Head shapes and examples?dolichocephalic e.g. greyhound
    Mesaticephalic/mesocephalic
    e.g. german shepherd
    brachycephalice.g. bulldog
  8. 8Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull?Stenotic nares (occluded nostrils).
    Long soft palate
    teeth-unusual orientations
    Exopthalmic eyes
    Wrinkly skin
  9. 9Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull? Stenotic nares?Stenotic nares (occluded nostrils). Too much cartilage and soft tissue for the underlying tiny nasal bones to support. Results in difficulty breathing through nose – these dogs often have to breath through their mouths.
  10. 10Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull? Long soft palate?Long soft palate. Again, too much soft tissue – it has not reduced in accordance with the skeletal support. Soft palate occludes larynx = difficulty breathing
  11. 11Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull? teeth-unusual orientations?Often, but not always have the usual number of teeth (42 in the adult), but crowded into a much smaller space. They are often at unusual orientations. Results in difficulty eating and increased dental disease. Malocclusion due to mandible being less reduced than maxilla so mandible protrudes (prognathism)
  12. 12Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull? Exophthalmic eyes?Exopthalmic eyes – bulgy eyes due to shallow sockets (reduced facial bone). Eye much more prone to damage, sometimes lid will be unable to close fully resulting in ulceration etc. Can also be more prone to proptosis (acute forward displacement of the eyeball – i.e. it pops out of the socket!)
  13. 13Problems arising from the abnormal shape of the brachycephalic dog skull? Wrinkly skin?Wrinkly skin – again, too much soft tissue on too little bone. Wrinkles result in skin infections. Around the eye area can cause entropian (inward turning eyelids)
  14. 14Horse Head Shapes?Convex e.g. shire
    Straight e.g. thoroughbred
    Concave (dished) e.g. arab
  15. 15The Nasal Cavity Functions to? and how does it achieve these?1. Warm and humidify air going to lungs
    2. Filter particles from air going to lungs.
    3. Detecting odour molecules in air.
    To achieve these:
    Air brought into contact with large surface area for water and heat exchange.
    Contact surface covered in mucous to trap small particles
    - hairs at entrance to nasal cavity trap large particles
    3. Many sensory receptor cells to detect odour molecules
  16. 16Turbinate bones?The nasal cavity is divided into two fossae (spaces) by the nasal septum. This is made up from the ethmoid bone caudally and a cartilaginous sheet for the remaining rostral two thirds. The majority of the space in the nasal cavity is taken up by the turbinate bones of the nose (also called the nasal conchae) and the spaces between them (meatii). Turbinate = scroll shaped.
    The turbinate bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity. These are thin scrolls of bone originating from the nasal and maxillary walls.
    3 main groups:
    The Ethmoturbinates (up to 30 in number), are small and lie towards the back of the nasal cavity. They are attached to the nasal septum, lateral nasal wall and cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
    The Dorsal Turbinate is a single scroll attached to the nasal wall.
    The Ventral Turbinate is a double scroll attached to the maxilla. Exact formation varies from species to species.
  17. 17The Paranasal Sinuses?Paranasal sinuses are air-filled DIVERTICULA of the nasal cavity
    They invaginate several bones of the skull and are air filled spaces between the inner and outer tables of bone.
    They retain connection with the nasal cavity via narrow openings. This means that they are prone to blockage by inflamation or congestion.
    They are continuous with the nasal cavity and so are lined with nasal epithelium.
    They also share the same innervation as the nasal cavity – i.e branches of the Ophthalmic and Maxillary divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve.
  18. 18Functions of the paranasal sinuses?Mechanical protection?
    Thermal protection?
    Enlarge skull without adding weight. This provides greater surface area for muscle attachments and allows for a larger oral cavity to accommodate large teeth etc?
    The main sinuses of clinical importance are the frontal and maxillary. Others include the sphenopalatine, lacrimal and ethmoidal sinuses.
  19. 19The frontal sinus?lies within the frontal bone
    has up to five separate compartments
    In the ox and sheep one of the 5 compartment is the CORNUAL PROCESS. This extends into the horn.
    In all domestic species except the horse the frontal sinus communicates directly with the nasal cavity by way of small openings at the caudal end of the nasal cavity between the ethmoturbinates.
  20. 20HORNS AND DE-HORNING?Horns = permanent (antlers = shed annually)
    Polled breeds = no horns
    Horns occur in male and female but often larger in males
    1 left horn, 1 right horn in cattle (with occasional abnormalities of multiple horns)
    Some breeds of sheep (e.g jacob) have 2 or 4 horns as normal breed standard
    Horns arise from cornual process of frontal bone
    In cattle the base of the horn is invaded by the frontal sinus (less so in small ruminants)
    Dehorning on winter day – see inhaled air escaping from cut horn.
    V strong midline septum. Frontal sinus in the ox is very extensive and also often invaginates the parietal and occipital bones.
    Divided in to one major (caudal) frontal sinus and 4 minor (rostral) frontal sinuses. Each has own separate opening. Where does the frontal sinus drain?
  21. 21HORNS AND DE-HORNING-nerves?5 POTENTIAL NERVES TO THE HORN.
    Lots of variation – in literature and in life.
    In order of importance:
    The cornual nerve of the zygomaticotemporal nerve of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal (in 100% of cattle)
    The cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve of ophthalmic trigeminal (80%)
    The frontal nerve of ophthalmic trigeminal (14%)
    The nerve to the frontal sinus (not shown in picture, cannot be blocked) (5%)
    Cutaneous branches from C1 and C2.
  22. 22The maxillary sinus?The maxillary sinus in the dog and cat is often called the maxillary recess as it communicates so freely with the nasal cavity.
    In the young horse the lateral parts of the maxillary sinus are much smaller due to the unerupted cheek teeth occupying the maxillary space.
    The anatomy of the maxillary sinus in the horse is like a post box – i.e. the majority of the sinus lies ventral to the small slit like communication to the nasal cavity.
    This is one of the reasons why the maxillary sinus is prone to infection/infection difficult fight naturally or to treat.
    The frontal and maxillary sinus may be opened via trephine points in cases of infection. The maxillary sinus may also be used as a means of access to the unerupted parts of the cheek teeth to aid extraction.
  23. 23Enamel ?Hard outer part projecting above gums
    Ectodermal origin
    Formed by ameloblasts
    It is acellular and cannot regenerate
  24. 24Dentine?Mesodermal in origin.
    Formed by ODONTOBLASTS
    Forms the bulk of the tooth
    2nd hardest tooth material
    Structure is similar to bone but whereas in bone the OSTEOBLASTS stay within the bone matrix, in teeth the ODONTOBLASTS (the dentine producing cells), recede from the newly formed dentine and remain as a continuous layer on the surface of the pulp cavity. This produces SECONDARY DENTINE throughout life, which gradually reduces the size of the dental pulp cavity.
    Secondary dentine is darker in appearance than primary dentine.
    Tertiary dentine may occur at sites of injury.
  25. 25Cementum?Mesodermal in origin
    Formed from calcified connective tissue
    Forms the outer lining of the tooth in the socket in brachydont teeth
    It is the least hard of the calcified tissues of the tooth
    It is continuously, but slowly, produced throughout life, so is thicker in older animals.
  26. 26Pulp cavity?It reflects the external shape of the tooth i.e. is present in each tooth root.
    It is open at the apical foramen.
    Central part of tooth containing nerve fibres, lymphatic and blood vessels
    Smaller in older animals as secondary dentine fills in pulp cavity.
  27. 27The periodontium?This term describes the functioning unit of several anatomical components. It consists of the Gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone.
    Its role is to anchor the tooth in the skull and provide a suspensory apparatus to absorb stresses induced at biting.
  28. 28The gingiva ?The gingiva is the oral mucosa that covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and covers the neck of the teeth. It is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    Gingiva coronal to the cemento-enamel junction = free gingiva
    Ginigiva tightly attached to the periosteum of the alveoulus = attached gingiva
    Gingival sulcus – less than 1mm in cats, less than 3mm in dogs.
  29. 29The periodontal ligamentIs made of collagen fibres
    Attaches to the cement of the tooth and the Alveolus
    These fibres are arranged in a sling formation – allowing small movements of the teeth during mastication, and acting as shock absorbers.
  30. 30Alveolar bone?Similar to other bone but the layer of bone lining the socket – i.e. the layer next to the PDL is very dense. It is radiographically noticeable as a thin white line. Its called the lamina dura. Note that in teeth with more than 1 root the white and dark lines of the different roots may become superimposed.
  31. 31Innervation of teeth?All teeth are innervated by branches of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE - cranial nerve V.
    The upper teeth are supplied by the MAXILLARY (or superior) ALVEOLAR NERVE (from the maxillary division of the Trigeminal Nerve).
    The lower teeth are supplied by the MANDIBULAR (or inferior) ALVEOLAR NERVE (from the mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve).
  32. 32Carnivore and omnivore dental formulae?Carnivore and omnivore dental formulae?
  33. 33Hypsodont?i.e those of horses, high or long crowned with unerupted crown lying beneath the gum in all but very aged animals. The root of the tooth is generally shorter than the crown.
  34. 34Brachydont teeth?i.e those of the dog and cat (and human), are low crowned - where all of the crown has erupted by adulthood. The root of the tooth is generally longer than the crown.
  35. 35Aradicular/elodont ?teeth grow throughout life and never develop true roots. Always hyposodont
  36. 36Radicular/Anelodont?teeth with a true anatomical root structures and do not continuously grow throughout life. Can be hypsodont or brachydont.
  37. 37Clinical crown?this is the exposed part of the tooth, regardless of structure.
  38. 38Anatomical crown?this is the enamel covered part of the tooth regardless of location.
  39. 39Carnivore Dentition ?Radicular/Anelodont brachydont
    Incisors for grooming and nibbling
    Canine teeth adapted to piercing flesh to kill and hold prey,
    Premolars/molars adapted to cutting like a scissor – carnassials.
    Molars – cutting/crushing. In some species used for crushing e.g. bones, to extract marrow, in other species reduced in number.
  40. 40carnassial?Upper carnassials UPM4
    Lower carnassials LM1
  41. 41The healthy mouth?Normal occlusion
    Normal oral pH in dogs and cats is 7.5
    Saliva maintains this and also contains enzymes, lysozymes and immunoglobulins that moderate bacterial colonisation. Also mechanically washes teeth. Also has some anti-fungal and antiviral actions.
    Removal of plaque – dental brushing, hard textured food
  42. 42Plaque and calculus?Plaque is a biofilm on the teeth that is formed by bacteria colonizing the dental pellicle (the protein film on the surface of the teeth formed by saliva and food). The most important strategy in prevention of periodontal disease is plaque control. Mechanical prevention – chewing coarse textured food and tooth brushing.
    Inorganic substances from saliva are deposited into bacterial plaque and form calculus (commonly called tartar). The surface of calculus is readily colonised further by plaque.
  43. 43Tooth decay (caries) and abscesses?Tooth decay – caries, is caused by bacteria. Much less common in carnivores than in humans.
    Abscesses may result from periodontal disease or tooth disease. Clinical signs may be facial or mandibular swellings.
  44. 44Dentition Pigs?Pigs are omnivorous and have a more generalised (rather than specialised) dentition than the other domestic species.
    Lower incisors point forwards.
    Canines (tusks) remain open rooted in the male and continue to grow throughout life. Upper and lower canines rub against each other to maintain a sharpened edge. In domestic animals they can be sawn off.
    In females the roots remain open for around 2 years and so will grow for 2 years, after that they stop growing.
    Little differentiation between premolars and molars but the teeth get progressively larger towards the caudal end of the mouth. Very tubercular (lumpy) occlusal surface for crushing food. A moderate amount of food processing occurs within the oral cavity due to the mechanical action of grinding food and the chemical action of saliva.
    Piglets are born with 8 teeth (upper and lower third incisors and the upper and lower canines). Very sharp and forward pointing. Often nipped off by stockman shortly after birth to avoid injuring mother.
    Pigs do not gain full adult dentition until at least 18 months old
  45. 45Horse dental formula?Horse dental formula?
  46. 46Horse DentitionRadicular/anelodont hypsodont dentition
    Cellulose is digested in herbivores by micro-organisms in gut. Ideally this is made available by crushing and grating vegetation. This causes considerable wear so teeth designed to permit this.
    All teeth continue to erupt through life. i.e. as the tooth wears it moves outwards and the bone grows underneath to fill in the socket.
    The cementum initially covers the crown and creates a ridging due to the different hardness of cement, enamel and dentine.
  47. 47Dentine horse?Structure is similar to bone but whereas in bone the OSTEOBLASTS stay within the bone matrix, in teeth the ODONTOBLASTS (the dentine producing cells), recede from the newly formed dentine and remain as a continuous layer on the surface of the pulp cavity. This produces SECONDARY DENTINE throughout life, which gradually reduces the size of the dental pulp cavity.
    Secondary dentine is darker in appearance than primary dentine.
    Tertiary dentine is formed as a response to injury and is also found in horse teeth.
    Therefore as the horse ages and its teeth wear down the what was pulp cavity – now filled with dark secondary (and tertiary) dentine, is exposed.
  48. 48Horse Cheek TeethPremolars and molars (PM2 – M3) very similar to each other in the horse and form a continuous row both in the upper and lower dental arcades.
    Usually referred to as ‘cheek teeth’
    6 on the upper arcade (plus maybe a wolf tooth UPM1)
    6 on the lower arcade (LPM1 usually absent, if present may be unerupted)
    Tooth attrition is approx. 2-3 mm of wear per year.
    Each cheek tooth erupts with one large pulp cavity. As the horse ages these separate into between 5 and 8 separate pulp cavities with varying degrees of intercommunication.
  49. 49Horse Cheek tooth occlusion?Upper cheek teeth wider and squarer, lower cheek teeth narrower and more rectangular
    So as the upper arcade is wider, and the teeth in it are also wider, when the mouth is closed about 1/3 of the occlusal surface of the upper cheek teeth is in contact with about half of the occlusal surface of the lower cheek teeth.
    Also, the occlusal surface is angled in a linguo-buccal direction - around 15 degrees rostrally and 30 degrees caudally in the normal animal.
  50. 50Horse Tooth extractionPer os – through the oral opening – incisors, wolf teeth, premolars.
    By buccotomy – surgical approach through the soft tissue structures of the cheek then removing some bone overlying the lateral side of the tooth - premolars
    By repulsion – surgical approach through the skull or mandible. The tooth is driven out from the root using a metal punch. – caudal premolar and molars.
  51. 51Sheep and cattle dental formula?Sheep and cattle dental formula?
  52. 52Nostril Muscles-Dilation of nostrils in breathing
    -V. important in racing horses
  53. 53Cheek muscles?Buccinator muscles
    like a diaphragm keeping cheek taught
  54. 54Lip eyelid muscles?Oval slit with flaps above and below
    3 essentail muscles
    -closer: orbicularis oris / occulae
    -lift upper flap: levator labii / palpeerde superioris
    -depress lower flap:depressor labii / palpebrae inferioris
  55. 55Eyelid?-An extra lifter medially:Levator anguli oculis (in head book referred to as levator anguli oculi medals) & Also referred to as superciliaris
    -A retractor laterally: Retractor anguli oculis
    -Bundles of smooth muscle:Lift upper lid / depress lower lid
  56. 56Ear muscle?Ear muscles
    Pull ear forwards
    Pull ear backwards
    Adduct ear (towards mid-line)
    Abduct ear (away from mid- line)
    Cervicoauricularis muscle
    Pulls ear back
    Attaches laterally on cartilage
    Therefore also rotates ear outwards
  57. 57Nerve Supply of facial muscles? Nostril/lip/cheek? Eyelid? Ear?Nostril / Lip / Cheek muscles
    Dorsal/ventralbuccalbranchesofFacial(VII)
    Eyelid muscles
    Mainly by Facial(VII)
    EXCEPT
    Levator palpebrae superioris – Occulomotor (III)
    Smooth muscle – sympathetic from cranial cervical ganglion
    Important in neurological diagnosis as damage to any of these can
    cause ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
    Ear muscles
    Rostral(forward+abductors)=auricularn.(branch of auriculopalpebral n.)
    Caudal(backwards+adductors)= caudal auricularn.
    Also supplied by C1/C2 via great auricular n.
  58. 58Food prehension Horse?very sensitive and mobile lips are the main prehensile structures when feeding from the manger. During grazing the lips are drawn back and the incisors sever the grass at its base. Use of vibrissae to locate food.
  59. 59Food prethension Cattle?less mobile and sensitive lips with more limited lip movement. The tongue is the main prehensile organ, it is long and roughened with lots of papillae. This curves round grass and draws it into the mouth when it is held between the incisors and the dental pad. Sideways movement of the head then rips the grass. The insensitivity of the prehensile organs of cattle means that they often swallow foreign objects (stones, wire, glass etc) that may be harmful (often lodge in the reticulum).
  60. 60Food prehension Sheep?similar to cattle but they have a cleft upper lip that allows them to crop the grass more closely. They tend not to swallow foreign objects.
  61. 61Food prehension Pigs?root with their snouts and use the pointed lower lip to transfer food into mouth.
  62. 62Food prehension Dogs& cats?– lips relatively unimportant. Tongue (very long and mobile) and teeth main means of prehension. In these species the tongue is used for lapping liquid – in all other domestic species liquid is drawn into the mouth by suction.
  63. 63Muscles and Nerves Associated with Food Prehension-lips(labium)?-Orbicularis oris – a ring of muscle around the mouth to close it. Also important for sucking i.e. when drinking
    -Levator labii superioris – lift the upper lip
    -Levator nasolabialis - lifts upper lip and nostril
    -Depressor labii inferioris – depress the lower lip. Absent in carnivores where this function is performed by part of the buccinator muscle.
    -Caninus – retractor of upper lip and nostril
    -Zygomaticus – retractor of caudal commisure of the lip.
    -All these muscles are innervated by the FACIAL nerve
    -The sensory supply to the lips is supplied by the trigeminal nerve – upper lip – maxillary division, lower lip mandibular division.
  64. 64Muscles and Nerves Associated with Food Prehension-Cheeks (Buccae)?-Buccinator – a group of muscles acting as one to form a diaphragm across the cheek. Acts in opposition to or in conjunction with the tongue
    -Innervated by the FACIAL nerve
    -The sensory supply to the cheek – both internally (mucosa) and externally (skin) is supplied by the trigeminal nerve
  65. 65—

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Veterinary Medicine FlashCards sobre Flash cards-Head, criado por Heather M em 25-05-2018.
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Heather M
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