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Flashcards

Learning

Lucia Halamová Psychology Inglês 43 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (43)

  1. 1LearningA relatively enduring change in behaviour, resulting from experience
  2. 2HabituationA decrease in behavioural response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
  3. 3Dishabituationrefers to the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically as a result of the presentation of a novel, strong or sometimes noxious stimulus
  4. 4SensitizationAn increase in behavioural response after exposure to a stimulus
  5. 5Classical conditioningA type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response
  6. 6Unconditioned responseA response that does not have to be learnt, such as reflex
  7. 7Unconditioned stimulusA stimulus that elicits a response, such as reflex, without any other prior learning
  8. 8Conditioned responseA response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learnt
  9. 9Conditioned stimulusA stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
  10. 10Biological preparednessis the idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (such as higher inclination to form certain phobias but not others)
  11. 11Homeostasis???
  12. 12Second-order conditioningor higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus
  13. 13Extinction-exhibition of inhibitory connections (it is not forgetting)
    - extinction occurs when a response is no longer reinforced following a discriminative stimulus
  14. 14Spontaneous recoveryA process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
  15. 15Excitatory connection???
  16. 16Inhibitory connection???
  17. 17Generalisation gradientThis tool is used to measure how often and how much animals or humans respond to certain stimuli, depending on whether the stimuli are similar or different
  18. 18CS+???
  19. 19CS-???
  20. 20Backward pairingis a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS)
  21. 21Simultaneous pairingis a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented together with a neutral stimulus (NS)
  22. 22Forward pairingOccurs when the neutral stimulus (NS) appears just before and during the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
  23. 23ContingencyContingency theory proposes that for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur.
  24. 24BlockingCessation of thought to avoid confronting an unpleasant idea.
    Example: A married woman repeatedly forgets the name of her new boss. Her therapist suggests she may be experiencing an uncomfortable, possibly subconscious attraction to him.
  25. 25One-trial learninglearning takes place in a single pairing of a response and stimulus and is not strengthened over time by repeated exposure to a stimulus
  26. 26Associative learninglinking 2 stimuli, or events that occur together
  27. 27Nonassociative learningresponding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus, or event
  28. 28Acquisitionthe gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
  29. 29Stimulus generalisationlearning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response
  30. 30Stimulus discriminationa differentiation btw 2 similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
  31. 31Rescoria-Wagner modela cognitive model of classical conditioning which holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected
  32. 32Operant Conditioninga learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
  33. 33Law of EffectEdward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
  34. 34Reinforcera stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will repeat
  35. 35Shapinga process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour
  36. 36Positive reinforcementDoing something so that the desired behaviour is repeated
  37. 37Negative reinforcementRemoving something unpleasant to increase the probability of the desired behaviour
  38. 38Positive punishmentdoing something to decrease the probability of behaviour reccuring
  39. 39Negative punishmentRemoving something to decrease the probability recurring
  40. 40Cognitive mapa visual/spatial mental representation of an environment
  41. 41Latent learninglearning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement
  42. 42Vicarious learninglearning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing an action (Bobo-doll experiment)
  43. 43Mirror neuronsneurons in the brain that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs a similar action

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Psychology FlashCards sobre Learning, criado por Lucia Halamová em 30-11-2018.
Criado por
Lucia Halamová
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