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Flashcards

Intro to Psych: Exam 4

Sierra Villanueva psychology 12 Inglês 114 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (114)

  1. 1Trepanning- Ancient practices where holes where cut into ill person's head.
    - Released evil spirits
  2. 2HippocratesMental illness was caused by imbalance of four humors
  3. 3Middle AgesMentally ill were labeled as witches
  4. 4Statistical DevianceFrequently occurring behavior would be normal and rare behavior would be considered abnormal.
  5. 5Social Norm DevianceGoing against norms of society
  6. 6Subjective Discomfort/ DistressDysfunction/inability to function normally
    - hard to meet demands of daily living
    *Best definition of Abnormality*
  7. 7Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V)- manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms
    - Lists over 250 disorders and describes typical course of illness
    - Diagnosis is across 5 axes
  8. 8Therapeutic "Management"- Lobotomy
    - Insulin Shock
    - Electroconvulsive Therapy
  9. 9SchizophreniaSevere disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality
  10. 10HalllucinationsFalse sensory perceptions
    - Auditory hallucinations most common
  11. 111. Delusions 2. Delusions of persecution1. False beliefs
    2. belief that others are trying to harm the individual
  12. 12Delusions of persecutionbelief that others are trying to harm the individual
  13. 13Delusions of grandeurbelief one possesses special powers
  14. 14Cognitive Slippageideas are not connected in a logical fashion
  15. 15Disorganized CognitionIdeas and speech are totally unpredictable and/or nonsensical
  16. 16Affective disturbancesblunted or flatt affect
    - Inappropriate affect
  17. 17Paranoid Schizophreniadelusions of persecution, grandeur, jealousy
    - suspicious, hallucinations
  18. 18Disorganized Schizophrenia- behavior is bizarre
    - thinking, speech, and motor actions are disordered
  19. 19Catatonic Schizophrenia- Person experiences periods of statue-like immobility
    - Mixed with bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking
  20. 20Anxiety disordersMain symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
  21. 21PhobiaIrrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
  22. 22Social Phobia- fear of interacting with others
    - Being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation
  23. 23Specific Phobia- fear of objects of specific situations or events
  24. 24Agoraphobiafear of being in situation where escape is difficult or impossible
  25. 25Generalized Anxiety Disorder- experience feelings of dread and impending doom.
    - Physical symptoms of stress
    - Symptoms last 6 months or more
  26. 26Panic Attack- sudden onset of intense panic
    - multiple physical symptoms of stress
    - Often with feelings that one is dying
  27. 27Panic disorder with Agoraphobia- fear of leaving one's familiar surrounding
    - possibility of panic attack in public
  28. 28Obsessive compulsive disorder- intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety
    - relieved by performing a repetitive ritualistic behavior
  29. 29Post-traumatic Stress Disorder- exposure to major stressor
    - symptoms of anxiety, and/or re-experiencing the event (nightmares, flashbacks)
  30. 30Mood Disorder- disturbance in emotion
    - also referred to as affective disorder
  31. 31Major Depression- severe form of depression that comes on suddenly
    - seems to have no external cause and there is a risk of suicide
    - Most common form of diagnosed mood disorders
  32. 32Bipolar disorder- severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
  33. 33Manic episodesexcessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
  34. 34Anorexia nervosa- eating disorder where individual reduces eating
    - Weight loss 15% below expected body weight
    - Distorted body image
  35. 35Bulimia nervosa- eating disorder with a cycle of
    "bingeing" or overeating enormous amounts of food in one sitting
    - using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain
    - deliberate vomiting and laxative abuse
  36. 36Personality Disorders- Persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior.
    - behavior interferes with normal social interactions
  37. 37Personality Disorders categorized in these 3 groups:- Odd and Eccentric
    - Dramatic and Emotional
    - Fearful and Anxious
  38. 38Antisocial Personality Disorders- no morals or conscience
    - Often behaves in an impulsive manner
    - no regard for the consequences of behavior
  39. 39Borderline Personality disorders-relationships with others are intense and relatively unstable
    - moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others
  40. 40Psychotherapy- treats mental disorders
    - talk with a psychological professional
  41. 41Insight therapytype of psychotherapy in which person gains insight about behavior, thoughts and feelings
  42. 42Action therapy- type of psychotherapy
    - works on directly changing behavior
  43. 43Characteristics of Effectiveness of Psychotherapy- Therapeutic Alliance: relationship between client and therapist
    - Protected Setting: safety for client
    - Opportunity for catharsis
    - learning and practice of new behavior
  44. 44Freud's Psychoanalysis- Insight Therapy
    - Free Association
    - Resistance
    - Transference/ Countertransference
  45. 45Insight Therapyemphasizes revealing unconscious conflicts - dream therapy
  46. 46Free Associationpatient is free to say anything that comes to mind with no fear of negative evaluation
  47. 47ResistancePatient reluctant to talk about certain aspects
  48. 48Transferencetherapist becomes a symbol of parental authority figure from the past
  49. 49CountertransferenceTherapist has transference reaction to patient
  50. 50Roger's Person-Centered Therapy ( 4 Elements)!. Reflection: therapists restates clients thoughts
    2. Unconditional Positive Regards: accepting atmosphere
    3. Empathy: understanding of clients feelings
    4. Authenticity : genuine, open and honest responses
  51. 51Behavioral Therapy- Action-based rather than insight based therapy
    - change behavior through learning new responses
    - New learning corrects problems
  52. 52Therapies based on Classical Conditioningold and undesirable automatic responses can be replaced by desirable ones
  53. 53Systemxatiatic desensitization- used to treat phobias
    - Client is first taught deep muscle relaxation
    - Next creates a list of ordered fears (Hierarchy of Fear)
    - Pairs fear with relaxation
  54. 54Aversion Therapy- undesirable behavior is paired with aversive stimulus.
    - reduces frequency of behavior
  55. 55Therapies based on Social Learning- Modeling
    -Participant Modeling
  56. 56Modeling(Social Learning based therapy)
    - Learning through observation, imitation of a model
  57. 57Participant Modeling(Social Learning based theory)
    - Model demonstrates the desired behavior in step-by- step process
    - Client is encouraged to imitate
  58. 58Therapies Based on Operant Learning-Reinforcement
    - Contingency Contract
  59. 59Reinforcement(Therapy Based on Operant Learning)
    - Token Economy: tokens reinforce behavior, can be accumulated and exchanged for desired privileges.
    - Used effectively to modify behavior of disturbed institutionalized individuals
  60. 60Contigency Contract(Therapy Based on Operant Learning)
    - formal, written agreement between therapist and client
    - Goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated
    - Useful in treating problems such as drug addictions
  61. 61Cognitive TherapyFocus on...
    - Helping clients recognize distortions in thinking
    -Replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with realistic thoughts
    - Critical thinking applied to ones own beliefs
  62. 62Cognitive Distortion (5 types)1. Arbitrary inference
    2. Selective thinking
    3. Overgeneralization
    4. Magnification and Minimization
    5. Personalization
  63. 63Arbitrary inference(Cognitive Distortion)
    - Jumping to conclusions
    - Drawing conclusions not based on evidence
  64. 64Selective Thinking(Cognitive Distortion)
    - focusing on one aspect of a situation
    - Ignoring all relevant aspects
  65. 65Overgeneralization(Cognitive Distortion)
    - Drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident
    - Applying conclusions to events unrelated to original
  66. 66Magnification and Minimization(Cognitive Distortion)
    - Magnification: Negative event blown out of proportion to its importance
    Minimization: Ignore relevant positive events
  67. 67Personalization(Cognitive Distortion)
    Taking responsibilities for events unconnected to the person
  68. 68Rational- Emotive Behavior Therapy- Clients are directly challenged on irrational beliefs
    - Restructures thinking into rational belief statements
    - Therapists are directive, provide homework assignments, and challenge "my way or nothing" statements
  69. 69Group TherapiesTherapists may use one of many approaches or a combination:
    - Insight, cognitive- behavioral, person-centered
    - Share problems, provide support
  70. 70Family Counseling- discover & resolve unhealthy patterns of relating
    - Open lines of communication
    - Resolve problems that affect the entire family
  71. 71Self-help Groups- People with similar problems meet together without a therapist or counselor
    - Purpose is discussion, problem-solving, and emotional support
  72. 72Advantages of Group Therapy- lower cost
    - exposure to way other persons view and handle the same kinds of problems
    - Opportunity for therapist and client to see interaction with others
    - Social and emotional support
  73. 73Biomedical Therapiestherapies directly affecting the biological functioning of the body and brain
  74. 74Psychopharmacology(Biomedical therapy)
    - the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders
  75. 75Anti-psychotic drugs(Psychopharmocology)
    - used to treat psychotic symptoms
    - delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior
  76. 76Anti-manic drugs- used to treat bipolar disorder
    - include lithium and anticonvulsant drugs
  77. 77Antidepressant drugs- used to treat depression and anxiety
    - include MAIOs, tricyclies, SSRIs
  78. 78Electroconvulsive therapyTreats severe depression
    - electrodes are place on one or both sides of the head
    - Unilateral ECT: electrodes placed only on one side
  79. 79Social Psychologyscientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by others
  80. 80Three Factors of Social Pyschology1. Social Influence- how behavior can be affected by other people
    2. Social cognition- ways people think about others
    3. Social Interaction- positive & negative aspects of people relating to others
  81. 81AttributionsExplaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
  82. 82Attribution theory (2 causes)- Situational Cause
    - Dispositional Cause
  83. 83Situational Cause(Attribution theory)
    - behavior attributed to external factors
    - such as delays, the actions of others
  84. 84Dispositional Cause(Attribution theory)
    - Behavior attributed to internal factors
    - Such as personality or character
  85. 85Fundamental attribution error- tending to overestimate influence of internal factors in determining behavior of others
    - Explain behavior by "What kind of person he/she is"
    - Underestimate situational factors in determining behavior of others
  86. 86(The Rules of Attraction): Interpersonal attractiondesire for a relationship with identified person
  87. 87Factors involced in Attraction- Physical Attractiveness: more important early in relationship
    - Proximity: physical or geographical nearness
    - Similarity: we prefer being with those who are similar
  88. 88Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love: Three components of love1. Intimacy: close emotionally,; psychological, not physical
    2. Passion: physical aspect of love
    3. Commitment: decisions one makes about the relationship
  89. 89Pro-Social Behaviorsocially desirable behavior that benefits others
  90. 90AltruismPro-social behavior done with no expectation of reward
    - May involve the risk of harm to oneself
  91. 91Bystander EffectEffect the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help.
    - Help become less likely as the number of bystanders increase
  92. 92Diffusion of responsibilityIndividuals fails to take responsibility for actions or inaction
    - Presence of other people are seen as sharing the responsibility
  93. 93(Social Cognition) : Attitudestendency to respond positively or negatively toward person, object, idea, or situation
  94. 943 Components of Attitude1. Affective component
    2. Behavioral component
    3. Cognitive component
  95. 95Formation of Attitudes (Ways to form attitudes)- Direct Contact.. with the person,situation, object or idea
    - Direct instruction... from parents or others
    - Interaction with others... around other people who hold a certain idea
    - Vicarious Conditioning- Observation of others actions and reactions
  96. 96Social CategorizationAssignment a person you have just met into a category
    - Automatic, occurs without conscious awareness
    - Based on characteristics person has in common with other people experienced in the past
  97. 97Stereotypeset of characteristics believed to be shared by all member of a particular social category
  98. 98In-groups Categorizationssocial groups a person identifies with
    - "us"
  99. 99Out-groups CategorizationsSocial groups a person does not identify with
    "They"
  100. 100Prejudice- negative, unsupported attitude
    - about members of a particular group
    ** THE ATTITUDE**
  101. 101Discriminationtreating people differently due to prejudice toward their social group (ageism, sexism, racism)
    ** THE BEHAVIOR**
  102. 102Social Identity Theoryformation of identity within social groups
  103. 103Formation of identity witihin social groups is explained by three things:1. Social categorization- assign selves to social categories to help determine behavior
    2. Social Identity- Self concept, view of self as a member of a social group
    3. Social comparison- compare self favorably to others to improve self-esteem
  104. 104Sterotype Vulnerabilitythe effect that awareness of stereotypes associated with social group has on behavior
    - Are often anxious that behavior might support the stereotype
  105. 105Self-fulfilling prophecy(Stereotype Vulnerability)
    - expectations affect behavior and make the stereotype expectation more likely.
  106. 106Stereotype threat(Stereotype Vulnerability)
    - Group member anxious about behavior that might support stereotype
  107. 107(Overcoming Prejudice) Equal Status Contactgroups have equal status
    - Neither group has power over the other
  108. 108Social Influence: Conformitychanging one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others
  109. 109Solomo Asch Study (1951)Would participant change response in order to fit in with group response?
    - Participants conformed to group answer more than 1/3 of the time
  110. 110Aggressionbehavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
    - Frustration, pain can lead to aggression toward available target
    *Freud: felt aggression was a basic human instinct *
  111. 111Social rolepattern of behavior expected in a particular social position
    - Ex: Zimbardo Prison Experiment
  112. 112Zimbardo Prison Experiment- College students simulated prison
    -Ended after 5 days because students in guard roles became aggressive
    ** Social roles have a strong influence on behavior**
  113. 113Obediencechanging one's behavior at the command of an authority figure
  114. 114Obedience to Authority: Milgram Studyexample of obedience
    - "Teacher" administered shocks to "learner"
    - 65% of "teachers" went all the way to experiments 450- volt shock level

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Chapters 10- 13 for Intro to Psychology with Dr. Beck at Abilene Christian University
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