Flashcards
Memory Glossary
Flashcards do conjunto (62)
- 1AcousticRefers to sounds or the sense of hearing.
- 2AcronymA word or phrase formed from the initial letters of the items to be remembered.
- 3AcrosticA sentence in which the first letter of each word spells out the message to be remembered.
- 4AdrenalineA hormone produced by the adrenal gland which increases physiological arousal. The effects of adrenaline parallel the activity of the sympathetic system generally (e.g. increase heart rate and breathing rate). It also reduces activity in the parasympathetic system (e.g. decreases digestive activity.
- 5Articualtory ProcessA component of the phonological loop which acts as an 'inner voice', i.e. words/sounds are verbally repeated.
- 6Articulatory Suppression taskAn activity which prevents rehearsal of words in the articulatory loop.
- 7AuditoryRelated to hearing.
- 8Brain scansA technique used to investigate the functioning of the brain by taking pictures of the living brain. This makes it possible to match regions of the brain to behavior by asking participants to engage in particular activities while the scan is done. Brain scans are also used to detect brain abnormalities, such as tumors.
- 9CapacityA measure of how much can be held in memory. Measured in terms of bits of information such as number of digits.
- 10Central executiveA component of the WWM - a hypothetical construct in working memory that monitors and coordinates all other metal functions in working memory.
- 11ChunkingGrouping sets of digits or letters into meaningful units or 'chunks'.
- 12CICognitive Interview - a police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime. The method is based on what psychologists have found out about memory.
- 13CognitiveRefers to the process of thinking- Knowing, perceiving, believing.
- 14Cognitive InterviewA police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime. The method is based on what psychologists have found out about memory.
- 15Consonant SyllableA combination of consonants that don't have any meaning, such as CBX or DFG. The term 'Nonsense triagram' is also used.
- 16CortisolA hormone associated with persistent stress. It is released by the adrenal cortex and provides increased levels of blood sugar for continuing energy.
- 17Cued RecallA method of testing memory where participants are given material to be learned, and then when recall is tested, they are given cues (such as category names) to enhance recall. This permits one to discover all the words that are available not just those that are currently accessible.
- 18Digit SpanA way of measuring the capacity of short- term memory in terms of the maximum number of digits that can be recalled in the correct order.
- 19DisplacementAn explanation for forgetting, where existing information is displaced out of memory by new information.
- 20Dual Task PerformanceRefers to a research procedure where an individual is asked to perform two tasks simultaneously. If participants are slower doing these tasks at the same time than when doing them separately, it is assumed that both tasks compete fore the same resources in the brain. For example, reading out loud and walking are two tasks that can be performed just as well separately as simultaneously. However, reading out loud while writing a letter at the same time leads to reduced performance on each task.
- 21DurationA measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available.
- 22Elaborative RehearsalThe deep semantic processing to-be-remembered information resulting in the production of durable memories, in contrast to maintenance/ verbal rehearsal, which involve simple rote repetition.
- 23EncodingThe way information is changed so it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses (e.g. eyes and ears) and is then stored (encoded) in various forms, such as visual codes (like a picture), acoustic forms (sounds), or a semantic form (the meaning of the experience).
- 24Enchanced cognitive interviewContains the same four retrieval rules as the original and additionally aims to improve the social aspects of the interviews, which further increases recall.
- 25Episodic BufferIn the WWM, a store that receives input from many sources, temporarily stores this information, then integrates it in order to construct a mental episode of what is being experienced right now.
- 26Episodic MemoryA subdivision of long-term memory which contains information about personal events, i.e. episodes in your life.
- 27Eyewitness TestimonyThe evidence provided in court by a person who witnessed a crime, with a view to identifying the perpetrator of the crime. The accuracy of eyewitness recall may be affected during initial encoding, subsequent storage and/or eventual retrieval. There is also earwitness testimony.
- 28False MemoryA memory for an event that didn't happen. This may apply especially to traumatic events. Such recall may be prompted by suggestions made of a therapist.
- 29False PositiveMaking an identification which is wrong, i.e. saying 'this is the person who committed the crime' but that identification is wrong.
- 30FMRIFunctional magnetic resonance imaging. A method used to scan brain activity while a person is performing a task. It enables researchers to detect those regions of the brain which are rich in oxygen and thus are active.
- 31FoilIn a police lineup, people of similar height, build, etc. who are presented to act as 'distractors'.
- 32Free recallA method of testing memory. Participants are given a list of to-be-remembered items, one at a time. Later the participants is asked to recall the items (e.g. by writing drown as many items from the list as possible in any order they choose.)
- 33HippocampusA structure in the subcortical area of each hemisphere of the forebrain, associated with memory. It is part of the limbic system, therefore also involved in motivation, emotion and learning.
- 34Information Processing ModelAny theory that equates the mind to a computer; input, processing and output of information.
- 35Inner scribeIn the working memory model, a component of the visuo-spatial sketchpad which deals with spatial relations, such as the arrangement of objects in the visual field.
- 36Keyword systemA technique for improving memory, where a word to be remembered (such as 'Canberra', a city in Australia) is limked to some know words (can of berries). Creating a visual link. Improving recall of word and it's meaning.
- 37Long term memory (LTM)Memory of events that hsve happened in the past. Lasts anywhere from 2 mins to 100 years. Potential unlimited capacity and duration.
- 38Method of LociA technique for improving memory, based on placing items to be remembered at key locations. Remembered by mentally walking around location.
- 39Misleading informationInformation that might suggest a particular answer to an eyewitness, thus leading them to provide a different answer from what they might haven given.
- 40MSMMulti Store Model - an explanation of memory based on three separate memory stores, and how information is transferred between these stores.
- 41Own-age biasThe tendency to recognise or remember things more easily if they relate to your own age group.
- 42Phonological loopA component of the working memory model that encodes speech sounds, involving maintenance rehearsal (repeating the words over and over, I.e. a loop). It is divided into a phonological store (inner ear) and an articulatory process (inner voice).
- 43Post-event informationIn eyewitness testimony, information supplied after the event, such as a leading question or misleading information.
- 44Prefrontal cortexSection of the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain associated with planning complex cognitive behaviour, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behaviour.
- 45Procedural memoryA subdivision of LTM concerned with knowing how to do things, as distinct from knowing what things are.
- 46Retention IntervalThe period of time during which you have to remember something.
- 47ScriptsCommon routines are fairly automatic so people behave as if they were following a present group of instructions without any attention, as if they were acting out the script for a play.
- 48SemanticThe meaning of something, such as a word.
- 49Sensory memoryInformation at the senses, Ie . information collected by your eyes, ears, nose, fingers and so on. Information is retained for a very brief period of time by the sensory registers (less than half a second). Capacity is large. The metjod of encoding depends on sense organ involved. Visual for eyes. Acoustic for ears etc.
- 50STMMemory for immediate events. Lasts for a very short time and disappears unless rehearsed. Limited duration and limited capacity. Sometimes referred to as working memory.
- 51Slave systemsIn the working memory model, the elements where the work is carried out, such as the phonological loop.
- 52Spontaneous decayThe disappearance of the physical memory trace over time where there is no external cause.
- 53State anxietyA state of heightened emotions that develop in response to a particular situation, as distinct from a general tendency to be stressed (trait anxiety).
- 54StemA term used to describe the intial part of som exam questions. This is the part which presents the issue to be addressed when answering the question.
- 55TargetA person or object that is the focus of interest; the person/object to be identified.
- 56Trait anxietyRefers to a general level of stress that is characteristic of an individual, that is, a trait related to personality.
- 57Verbal rehearsalProcess of repeating information out loud or as if you were saying it over and over again.
- 58Visual cacheIn the WMM, a component of tge visuo- spatial sketchpad which deals with the storage of visual information, such as the arrangement of objects.
- 59Visuo- spatial sketchpadA component that encodes visual information. Divided into the visual cache (stores information) and inner scribe (spatial relations).
- 60Weapon focus effectIn violent crimes, an eyewitness' attention may be drawn to the weapon held by a criminal, reducing their ability to remember other details, such as the criminals face.
- 61Word length effectPeople remember lists of short words better than lists of long words, governed by the capacity of the phonological loop.
- 62Working memory modelAn explanation of the processes involved in the area of memory thst is active when information is being worked on (equivalent to STM). The components of the model have processing and/or storage capabilities.
Informações
- Descrição
- A Levels Psychology FlashCards sobre Memory Glossary, criado por Angel Nicole em 27-11-2014.
- Criado por
- Angel Nicole
- Visualizações
- 9
- Tags
- Avaliação