Flashcards
Attachment
Flashcards do conjunto (63)
- 1Caregiver- infant interactions What is reciprocity?How two people interact with one another.
Mother-infant interactions are reciprocal as they respond to each other and get a new response when they do so - 2Caregiver- infant interactions What is interactional synchronyMother and infants reflect each others actions and emotions and do this in a co-ordinated way
- 3Attachment figures Who said what about parent-infant attachment?Schaffer and Emerson- babies become attached to their mothers first and then make secondary attachments to other family members
- 4Attachment figures Who and what was said about the role of the father?Grossman- quality of infant attachment with mothers was related to adolescent attachments showing fathers attachment is less important.
Fathers are responsible for play which may be responsible for attachment quality. - 5Attachment figures What happens when a father becomes the primary caregiver?There are some cases of when the father is forced to take on the primary caregiver role, they become more maternal and adopt mother-like behabiours
- 6Schaffer and Emerson- formation of early attachments study60 babies from glasgow from working class families. They were visited with their mothers and asked what kind of signs they show when seperated.
25-35 wks old= 50% separation anxiety
40 wks old= 80% had specific attachments and 30% had multiple attachments - 7Whatg are Schaffer and Emerson's stages of attachment?1= Asocial stage- first few weeks- happier when with people- show bonds with carer- same with objects
2= Indiscriminate attachment- 2-7 months- preference for people over objects- accept love from anyone
3= Specific attachment- 7 months- stranger anxiety- attached to the primary attachment figure
4= Multiple attachments- extend attachment to adult they spend time with - 8Stages of attachment limitationsMeasuring multiple attachments- A baby getting stressed when someone leaves may not be separation anxiety and it may not be a true attachment
- 9Stages of attachment limitationsProblems studying asocial stage- Babies have poor coordination and are difficult to analyse correctly and we don't ever know what a baby really means
- 10Who conducted the two animal studies on attachment?Lorenz- Geese
Harlow- Monkeys - 11What was Lorenz's research?Hatched half geese eggs with mother and half with him. When born, they were put together and they still followed Lorenz over the mother goose
- 12What were Lorenz's findings?Imprinting- the geese imprinted on the first thing they saw (Lorenz)
He identified a critical period where he said imprinting needs to happen and if it doesn't they will not have a mother figure. - 13What is sexual imprinting?The idea that the first moving object an animal sees, will be the species they prefer to nae with and display courtship behaviour to.
- 14Limitation of Lorenz's studyGeneralisability to humans- His research was carried out on animals who are different to humans in many ways so it wouldn't be appropriate to apply this to humans at all
- 15What was Harlow's research? (contact comfort)He split a group of monkeys in two and one had a wire mother and one had a 'warming' cloth mother.
When scared they always went tot the cloth mother regardless of who was giving them food showing they vale comfort over food. - 16Harlow's research into maternal deprivationHe followed maternally deprived monkey int adulthood and found they were much more dysfunctional and those who had soft toys instead, were aggressive and neglected their own young
- 17What did Harlow conclude about the critical period?The critical period for monkey is 90 days and after this, the damage has already been done.
- 18Strength of Harlow's researchTheoretical value- Psychologists learn a lot about mother-infant attachment from Harlow
Real life app- helped social workers see risk factors in child abuse and neglect - 19Limitation of Harlow's researchEthical issues- The monkeys suffered to get this info and Harlow was aware of it
Generalisability- Monkeys and Humans are different so the finding can't really be applied to us - 20Explanations of attachment- Social learning theory of attachmentDollard and Miller- state that we learn to love whoever feeds us and this happens through conditioning
- 21How can classical conditioning be associated with attachments?We condition ourselves to show love when we get food so whoever gives us this food we automatically 'love'
- 22How can operant conditioning be associated with attachments?A baby eventually learns that when they cry they get food and stop when with the person they 'love'. They're likely to stop crying when the person gives them food
- 23Limitations of learning theory of attachmentContradictory research- Loren showed geese form attachments before ever being fed and Harlow showed monkeys prefer comfort over food
- 24What did Bowlby propose about attachment?Theory of maternal deprivation and monotropy
- 25What is Bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment?Evolutionary theory that attachment is innate and increases chances of survival.
Emphasis on one particular caregiver and believes this is more important and different to the others. - 26What are the 2 principles of monotropy that Bowlby proposed?- Law of continuity (the more constant and predictable care is, the better it'll be )
-Law of accumulated separation (effects of each separation from primary caregiver builds up so the safest dose is a dose of 0 - 27What are social releasers?Things like crying, gripping and cooing, things that a baby is born with, innate 'cute' behaviours- activate adult attachments
- 28What did Bowlby state the critical period was?2 years- more of a sensitive period than critical
- 29What is an internal working model?Mental representation of relationships with primary caregiver setting a picture of what their future relationships should be like
- 30Evaluation for monotropyMixed evidence for monotropy- Schaffer and emerson have opposing ideas about primary attachments leading to multiple attachments being able to form
- 31Evaluation for social releasersSupport- Brazleton et al- observed baby's and mothers for interactional synchrony- primary carers ignore social releasers and baby's initially showed stress but then gave up- supports bowlby's theory they play a part in starting attachments
- 32Evaluation for internal working modelSupport- Bailey tested 99 mothers with 1yo baby's using standard interview procedure then observed- mothers who said to have poor attachments had poor attachments from baby to mother- shows and internal working model was being passed down
- 33Who conducted the strange situation experiment?Ainsworth
- 34What is the strange situation?Controlled observation to measure security of attachment a child displays- in a lab with a two way mirror
Child encouraged to explore, A stranger tries to interact, the caregiver leaves them together, the caregiver comes back stranger leaves, the child'd alone, the stranger comes back, the caregiver comes back - 35What were the 5 behaviours observed to judge attachment?Proximity seeking
Exploration and secure base behaviour
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Response on reunion - 36What were Ainsworth's findings?Distinct patterns in behaviour of infants- identified three types of attachment
- 37What are the 3 types of attachment?Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-resistant attachment - 38What is secure attachment?Explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver, show moderate stranger anxiety and separation anxiety, accept comfort on reunion.
60-75% - 39What is insecure-avoidant attachment?Explore freely but don't need to be near caregiver, little or no reaction when caregiver leaves, aren't that bothered about reunion and don't show stranger anxiety.
20-25% - 40What is insecure-resistant attachment?Seek large proximity and don't explore, huge stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort on reunion.
3% - 41Support for Ainsworth's strange situationReliable- There are multiple observers who must agree on attachment type showing we can be confident that the attachments identified are realistic
- 42Limitations of Ainsworth's strange situationCulture bias- differences in childhood experiences in different countries and differences in parenting between different countries may all effect the outcomes
- 43What are cultural variations?Differences in norms and values between different groups
- 44Who conducted a study on cultural variations?Van Ijzendoorn
- 45What did he find about the different types of attachment in different countries?Insecure-resistant= least in GB, most in Israel
Insecure-avoidant= least in Japan, most in Germany
Secure= least in China, most in GB - 46What is Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?Presence of nurture from a mother/ substitute is essential for normal psychological development- being separated from your mother in early childhood, has serious health consequences
- 47Separation vs DeprivationSeparation= not being in the presence of their primary caregiver
Deprivation= They lose an element of care due to extended separation - 48How did Bowlby say maternal deprivation effects development?Intellectually- suffer delayed intellect and have low IQ
Emotionally- can lead to affectionless psychopathy and inability to feel guilt and lack remorse - 49What was Bowlby's 44 thieves study?44 Criminal teens (theft) interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy and their families were interviewed to see if they had maternal deprivation
They were compared with a non criminal control group - 50What did Bowlby find from the 44 thieves study?14/44 were affectionless psychopaths- 12/14 experienced prolonged separation
Only 30/44 weren't psychopaths
5/30 experienced separation
Prolonged separation causes affectionless psychopathy - 51What were the 2 studies on effects of institutionalisation?Rutters ERA study
The Bucharest Early Intervention project - 52What was Rutter's ERA study?followed 165 romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test if good care could make up for poor childhood in institutions. Assessed them at 4, 6, 11 and 15. 65 British adopted children were tested as the control group.
- 53What did Rutter find?At first= delayed intellect and severely undernourished
By age 11- they showed diff signs of recovery relating to adopted age
before 6mnth IQ= 102
6mnths-1yr= 82
Differences continued up to 15 years old - 54What was the Bucharest Early Intervention project?Zeanah- 95 children 12-31 months old from institutionalised care compared to 50 who had never been in an institution
Attachment studied through strange situation - 55What were the finding of the Bucharest Early Intervention project?74% of control group= securely attached
19% institutionalised group = securely attached
65% institutionalised group= disorganised attachment
44% institutionalised group= disinhibited attachment
<20% control group= disinhibited attachment - 56List some effects of institutionalisation-Mental retardation
-Delayed intellect
-Disinhibited attachment
-Low IQ - 57Strengths of Romanian orphan studiesReal life application- enhanced understanding led to improvements in care given to children in home (avoid large numbers of carers per child)
- 58Limitations of Romanian orphan studiesToo extreme conditions- The conditions romanian orphans were in were so extreme and not typical; there were so many situational variable causing it to lack generalisability
- 59Influence on late relationships- How does the internal working model play a part?The quality of the child's first attachment creates the template in their internal working model of how relationships should be for them in future. Those with bad childhood relationships are likely to struggle forming them in adulthood
- 60How do childhood attachments affect later childhood relationships?Securely attached children will form good friendships whereas insecurely attached children will have friendship struggles.
Insecure resistant= be bullies
Insecure avoidant= get bullied - 61Association between childhood attachments and adult partners- Who conducted this research and what was it?Hazan and Shavers Love quiz
- 62Outline the love quizThe quiz in a local newspaper had three sections- current most imp relationship, general love experiences and attachment type.
- 63What were Hazan and Shaver's findings?56% were securely attached and had long lasting good relationships.
25% were insecurely avoidant and showed sever jealousy and fear of intimacy
19% were insecure resistant.
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- A level Psychology (Attachment) FlashCards sobre Attachment, criado por Safia Brennen em 02-05-2019.
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- Safia Brennen
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