Flashcards
Endocrine system
Flashcards do conjunto (57)
- 14 differences between the nervous and endocrine systemendocrine system:
1. uses chemicals as its signalling mechanism
2. uses hormones as its chemical signal
3. has a slow response time (bc it travels through blood) but response lasts longer
4. acts as diffuse locations - targets can be anywhere blood reaches
nervous system:
1. uses electrical signals as its signalling mechanism
2. uses neurotransmitters
3. its response time is very fast but response lasts shorter and has a shorter distance to travel
4. has specific targets in the body - 2What is a gland?an organ that releases a secretion
- 3Exocrine vs endocrine glands 3 differencesexocrine gland:
1. secretion is discharged onto surface of skin or body cavity
2. has ducts that bring products to its target
3. produce non hormonal substances
ex. sweat and saliva
ex. salivary glands
endocrine gland:
1. secretions discharged into interstitial fluid and into bloodstream
2. does not have ducts; products distributed by blood or lymph ducts
3. produce and secretes hormones
ex. pituitary gland and thyroid - 4What is humoral stimulation? give one examplethe control of hormone release in response to the change in levels of ions or nutrients
ex. rise in blood glucose levels triggers pancreas to release insulin (hormone) - 5What is neural stimulation? give one examplethe control of hormone release in response to the neural input from sensory receptors
ex. sensory receptors in the brain detect stress, releasing epinephrine which results in nervous stimulation of adrenal gland - 6What is hormonal stimulation? give one examplethe control of hormone release in response to hormonal stimulus
ex. gonadotrophins from anterior pituitary gland stimulates the testis to release testosterone - 7What is the neuroendocrine organ?hypothalamus because it functions in both the nervous and endocrine systems
- 8What are the five endocrine glands and where are they located?1. pituitary gland - below hypothalamus in the brain
2. pineal gland - opposing side of pituitary gland
3. thyroid gland - top of the throat
4. parathyroid glands - below thyroid
5. adrenal glands - above kidneys - 9What are hormones?chemical substances made by endocrine glands
they are released in one part of the body but affect another - 102 different hormone structures1. lipid hormones - steroids and thyroid hormones
their receptors are found inside the nuclei of the cell since they are lipid soluble and can cross plasma membrane
2. amino acid hormones - amines (adrenaline), peptides (ADH), proteins (insulin)
their receptors are found on the outside of cells since they are water soluble so they cannot diffuse into plasma (cell) membrane - 11What are the 6 functions hormones have?1. stimulate secretion of exocrine glands
ex. prolactin stimulates milk secretion from mammary glands
2. stimulate other endocrine glands
ex. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones
3. regulate metabolic rxns
ex. insulin stimulates glycogenesis
4. regulate muscle contraction and nervous stimulation
ex. epinephrine increases heart rate
5. affects growth, development, and personality
ex. growth hormone makes you grow
6. regulates reproductive processes
ex. estrogen regulates menstruation - 12What are the four classes of hormones?1. amine - modified amino acids
ex. epinephrine
2. peptide - short chains of amino acids
ex. oxytocin
3. protein - long chains of amino acids
ex. FSH and LH
- water soluble
- degrades fast but have a shorter action
- receptors found on surface of membrane
4. steroid - derived from cholesterol
ex. estrogen
- lipid soluble
- degrade slower but action lasts longer (half life)
- receptor found inside cell
ex. glucocorticoids (aldosterone and cortisol) - 13What are prostaglandins?lipid based hormone like substances. do not fit the definition of hormones because act locally affecting only nearby cells (do not influence distant targets)
- 14Hormones vs prostaglandinshormones
1. lipid or amino acid based
2. released from glands
3. travel through extracellular fluid (ECF) to target tissues
4. target cells are different from secretory cells
prostaglandins
1. lipid based
2. released from cell membrane
3. affect cells locally
4. may travel through ECF to target cells - 15Hypothalamus functionstargets pituitary glands
regulates blood osmotic pressure, glucose level, hormone concentrations and body temperature to maintain homeostasis - 16What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland and what hormones do they secrete?1. anterior pituitary - GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin
2. posterior pituitary - oxytocin, ADH - 17What are the 8 hormones that hypothalamus produce?1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
2. oxytocin
3. ACTHRH (adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing hormone)
4. TRH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
5. GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
6. GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
7. PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
8. GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) - 18How do ADH and oxytocin get to the posterior pituitary?ADH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamic neutrons and are transported down axons. Now, they are stored in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary until neutrons fire, causing action potentials to arrive at axon terminals causing ADH and oxytocin to be released into blood
- 19ADH (antidiuretic hormone)produced: hypothalamus
released: posterior pituitary
stimulated: by neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration of decreased blood volume
target organs: kidneys to increase water reabsorption and blood vessels for vasoconstriction
inhibited: by alcohol or enough hydration to the body
too much: inappropriate ADH secretion
too little (hyposecretion): diabetes insipidus - 20Oxytocin (love hormone)produced: hypothalamus
released: posterior pituitary
stimulated: neurons in response to stretching of uterus or infant feeding
target organs: breasts for milk release and uterus for labour contractions
inhibiting: by lack of neural stimuli - 21How do hormones reach the anterior pituitary?hypothalamic neurons secrete the releasing hormones into the primary capillary bed where the hormones travel through portal veins into the anterior pituitary. They stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones made in the a. pituitary. In response, the anterior pituitary secretes hormones into the second capillary beds which empties into the bloodstream
- 22What are the 6 hormones produced in the hypothalamus that affect the anterior pituitary and what hormones do they control?1. ACTHRH (adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing hormone) - controls ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
2. TSHRH (thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone) - controls TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
3. GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) - controls FSH/LH (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)
4. GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) - controls GH (growth hormone)
5. PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone) - controls prolactin
6. GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) - controls GH alongside GHRH - 23GH (growth hormone)controlled: GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
produced/released: anterior pituitary
stimulated: by GHRH release which is triggered by low blood levels go GH as well as deep sleep and hypoglycaemia
target organs: adipose cells for breakdown of stored fats, bone, neutron, muscle, and immune cells for an increase in amino acid uptake and mitosis, and liver for glycogenolysis
inhibited: by GH response
too much in children : gigantism
too little in children: pituitary dwarfism
too much in adults: acromegaly (dude from princess bride)
too little in adults: simmond's disease (weakness, weight loss from body tissue wasting away) - 24Prolactincontrolled: PIH (prolactin inhibiting hormone)
produced/ released: anterior pituitary
stimulated: decrease in PIH
target organs: mammary glands for milk production (oxytocin is for release)
inhibited: by PIH - 25Thyroxinecontrolled: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from a. pituitary
produced/released: thyroid gland
target organs: affect many to increase metabolic rate and breakdown of fats and carbs. It also affects protein metabolism
too much: grave's disease
too little: cretinism (children) and myxedema (adults) - 26Calcitonincontrolled: blood calcium levels
produced/released: thyroid gland
target organs: bones to stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts (this decreases blood calcium levels and increases storage in bone tissue) - 27Parathyroid hormonecontrolled: blood calcium levels
produced/released: parathyroid glands
target organs: inhibit osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclasts (this increases blood calcium levels and decreases storage in bone tissue) - 28What are the different zones on the adrenal glands?1. adrenal medulla (inside) - part of the sympathetic nervous system (secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
2. adrenal cortex (outside) - covers the medulla and forms most of the gland (secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids (testosterone/estrogen)) - 29Adrenal gland functioninvolved in response to physical or psychological stress
- 30What are the 3 phases to general adaptation syndrome (response to stress)?1. alarm phase - homeostasis is upset so the body prepares to get away (fight or flight)
2. resistance phase - body fights back
3. exhaustion phase - prolonged stress can cause damage (depression, anxiety, risk of disease, heart attack, etc.) - 31Glucocorticoids (cortisol)controlled: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
produced/released: adrenal cortex
target organs: liver for glycogenolysis, muscles to breakdown proteins, bone to stop bone growth/collagen formation, immune system for anti-inflammatory, brain for memory, and kidney for filtration rates (increase sodium and decrease potassium)
too much: Cushing's syndrome
too little: Addison's disease - 32Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)controlled: increase in blood potassium, decrease in Na+ and decrease in blood pressure
produced/released: adrenal cortex
target organs: kidney for increase in potassium excretion and decrease in sodium reabsorption (this will increase blood pressure and blood volume) - 33Epinephrinecontrolled: sympathetic nervous system
produced/released: adrenal medulla
target organs: lungs for bronchodilation, heart/muscles for increase in blood flow, liver/pancreas to stop insulin and start gluconeogenesis, and the brain for memory - 34Norepinephrinecontrolled: sympathetic nervous system
produced/released: adrenal medulla
target organs: gut and skin to decrease blood flow and increase blood pressure - 35estrogen, progesterone and testosteronecontrolled: FSH (follicle stimulating hormon) and LH (luteinizing hormone)
produced/released: ovaries and testes
target organ: primary sex characteristics (growth of uterus, development of penis) and secondary sex characteristics (breast, wider hips, deep voice, and body hair) - 36What is the pineal gland function?secretes melatonin - an amine hormone that increases in blood to make you sleepy and inhibits luteinizing hormone to regulate reproductive cycles
- 37What is the process of short-term stress in our bodies? (short term emergencies) ex. running away from a fireaction potentials are triggered by hypothalamus in response to stressors that activate the sympathetic nervous system. Those action potentials travel down the axons to the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones activate other sympathetic responses to stimulate the bodies fight or flight response
cardiovascular effects: increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, and redirects blood flow away from non-important organs
respiratory effects: bronchioles dilate to help oxygenate blood
metabolic effects: increases metabolic rate and increases blood glucose to make more energy for essential organs - 38What is the process of long-term stress in our bodies? ex. starvationstressors cause hypothalamic neurons to release CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) which travels through the portal system into anterior pituitary. Cells release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which travels in blood to adrenal cortex. Adrenal; cortex makes and releases glucocorticoids
metabolic effects: breakdown of proteins to increase blood amino acids for new protein synthesis, fat breakdown to increase blood fatty acids for fuel for muscles, increase blood glucose levels for fuel for brain, suppress immune system, and maintain blood pressure
renal effect: kidneys retain sodium/water, and blood pressure/ blood volume rises
your body will do this for as long as possibly but eventually you will no longer be alive - 39What are the two hormone producing cells found in the pancreas?1. alpha cells - release glucagon (not very many)
2. beta cells - release insulin (more numerous) - 40Insulincontrolled: increases blood glucose
produced/released: pancreas (beta cells)
target organs: liver to start glycogenesis and other cells to increase uptake of glucose from blood. This decreases blood glucose levels
too much: diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin dependent) NOT diabetes insipidus (too much ADH causing high urine output) - 41Glucagoncontrolled: decrease blood glucose
produced/released: pancreas (alpha cells)
target organs: liver to start glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis to increase blood glucose levels - 42What are the 4 other horses that increase/effect blood glucose levels?1. epinephrine
2. cortisol
3. GH
4. thyroxine - 43What are the 5 steps in glucose homeostasis?1. stimulus: increase in blood glucose levels
2. receptors: sense change in blood glucose levels
3. CNS: receives info. and send it to effector
4. effector: beta cells in pancreas release insulin
5. response: start glycogen formation and increase glucose uptake by cells (blood glucose level is decreased and homeostasis is restored)
1. stimulus: decrease in blood glucose level
2. receptors: sense change in glucose levels
3. CNS: brain receives info. and sends it to an effector
4. effector: alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon
5. change: glycogen breakdown in liver begins and decreases glucose uptake in cells (blood glucose level is increased and homeostasis is restored) - 44What is the thymus gland function?secretes thymosin - involved in maturation of lymphocytes to help the immune system
fun fact: thymus gland is larger in babies and decreases in size as you get older - 45What are the four temporary endocrine organs?1. placenta - secrete estrogen and progesterone
2. stomach - secretes gastrin to produce gastric juices
3. duodenum - secretes secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
4. kidney - secretes erythropoietin to produce more red blood cells in response to hypoxia - 46What is diabetes insipidus?cause: hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
a type of diabetes which the kidneys are unable to retain water; leading to excessive peeing which increases risks of dehydration, loss of body fluids and electrolytes. - 47What is pituitary dwarfism and simmond's disease?cause: hyposecretion of growth hormone
dwarfism: present in childhood, plates close before normal growth completes and can be prevented by administering growth hormone before plates close
Simmond's disease: body tissue wasting away leading to weight loss and weakness - 48What is gigantism and acromegaly?cause: hyper secretion of growth hormone
gigantism: present in childhood, resulting in abnormally large person
acromegaly: thickening of bones and other tissues - 49What are the 2 hormones produced by thyroid gland?1. thyroxine
2. calcitonin - 50What is cretinism and myxedema?cause: hyposecretion of thyroid hormone
cretinism: present in childhood, poor growth, lethargy, easy weight gain and intellectual disability
myxedema: decrease in body metabolism, body tissue swelling, easy weight gain, and goiters - 51What is grave's disease?cause: hypersecretion of thyroid hormones or insufficient iodine
symptoms: development of goiters, increase metabolic rate, protruding eyes (ex. on crash course)
treatment: removal of thyroid - 52What is Addison's disease?cause: hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
symptoms: hypoglycaemia, muscle weakness, mental lethargy, weight loss - 53What is Cushing's syndrome?cause: hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
symptoms: breakdown of muscle proteins and redistribution of body fat - 54What is diabetes mellitus?type 1: insulin dependent
cause: hyposecretion of insulin
type 2: adult onset, insulin independant
cause: lack of receptors on cells for insulin (resistance of cells) - 55What is internal environment?the extracellular compartment (in body, outside of cells)
- 56What is homeostasis?the condition where internal environment is relatively constant
- dynamic state of extracellular fluid
-optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, water
- optimal temperature and pressure - 577 steps in homeostasis1. stimulus
2. change caused by stimulus
3. receptors detect change
4. input sent to control centre where brain processes. information and outputs a response
5. effectors respond to change
6. response to stimulus
7. return to homeostasis
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- Bio 1203 FlashCards sobre Endocrine system , criado por sarah friedman em 20-02-2020.
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- sarah friedman
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