Flashcards
Chapter 11
Flashcards do conjunto (18)
- 1Define quantitative research methodsResearch methods based on quantifiable (numbers) data.
Associated with the natural-science approach based on the hypothetico-deductive model - 2What are the 6 assumptions of quantitative research1. Realism: phenomena in the world have an existence outside of people's minds (realism), which can be discovered by using the scientific method
2. Causality: The main aim of the research is to find universal causal relationships
3. Confounds and noise: The presence of confounding and random variables are to be avoided
4. Bias: Standardized measurements and instruments are used to avoid researcher bias
5. Falsification: Researchers continuously evaluate the truth of their conclusions
6. Nomothetic approach: Studies are in search of universal principles that exceed the confines of the study - 3What 3 quantitative research techniques are there?1. Descriptive research: The focus is on observation and data is gathered in numerical form, by collecting measurements or counting frequencies of occurrence. Bigger sample --> the more representative + more precise statistics
2. Relational research: To find out whether 2 variables are related, measures of both are collected and correlated. Using statistical correlation coefficients is important because people are prone to illusory correlations. A technique that is often used in relational research is factor analysis.
3. Experimental research: To find cause and effect relationships. It is important to control for confounding variables to be sure that resulting changes are due to the independent variable - 4Define illusory correlationsThe perception of a correlation between events for which no independent evidence can be found
- 5What is factor analysisA statistical technique calculating how many factors are needed to account for the correlations between the variables measured and how they relate to the factors
- 6What is a confounding variable?A variable that was not taken into account in the study and that may be the origin of the observed effect
- 7What are the weaknesses of quantiative research?1. No interest in individuals: each participant returns 1 or a few numbers to be used in statistical analysis, but there is a lack of interest in the person behind the participants, which is concerning when it concerns real-life situations.
2. Emphasis on falsification: This emphasis is geared towards erasing wrong theories rather than generating new ones. Theories that have been discredited, still get rejected just because it is easy to disprove them --> progress can be very slow - 8What is qualitative research methods?Research methods based on understanding phenomena in their historical and socio-cultural context.
Associated with the hermeneutic approach based on understanding the meaning of a situation - 9What are the 6 assumptions of qualitative research?1. Idealism: There is little to no evidence for a reality outside people's minds. The only reality that matters is the reality as perceived and constructed by people.
2. No control: Attempting to control the situation makes the setting artificial and thus, doesn't help to make the 'real world' visible.
3. Immersion: The researcher is immersed in the situation that is being studied so that the meaning can be understood. The researcher approaches the situation open-mindedly and sees what comes out
4. Ideographic approach: The conclusions of the study stay limited to the phenomenon under study. (not generalizable?)
5. Induction: Instead of reliance on the hypothetico-deductive model, more attention is on inductive reasoning and bracketing.
6. Evidence-based: Even though the data are typically not numbered, conclusions still need to be able to be verified by others. Research is not intuition and opinion-based. - 10What is bracketing?A requirement in qualitative research is to look at a phenomenon with an open mind and to free oneself from preconceptions (such as hypotheses)
- 11What is data collection and analysis like in qualitative research>The most frequently used technique of data collection is the semi-structured interview: an interview in which each interviewee gets a small set of core questions, but for the rest of the time is encouraged to speak freely; achieved by open-ended, non-directive questions. A group format of this is a focus group.
The raw data of interviews consists of auditory or visual recordings, which are transcribed in written form.
For the analysis, the written forms are rewritten as a flow chart of core ideas. Statements are classified into a number of themes and clear ideas of how they are interconnected. - 12What 3 main approaches of qualitative research are there?1. Grounded theory = research method that tries to understand what is going on in a particular situation and which, on the basis of analysis and induction, tries to come to a theoretical insight grounded in data (what is going on here? what are the main problems of the participants?)
2. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) = research method that tries to understand how a phenomenon is experienced by the people involved. Edmund Husserl came up with this. (How is this perceived by the participant? What meaning do they attach to this event?)
3. Discourse analysis = research method that aims to discover how social relations between people are determined by the language they use. Language is the only topic worth investigating because it makes the world in which humans live. (How do participants use language to manage social interactions? or to achieve objectives?) - 13What are the limitations of grounded theory?1. it largely assumed the existence of an objective reality that was to be discovered
2. it stressed the importance of inductive reasoning and verification
3. it did not take into account the fact that the data provided by the participants actually comprised their perceptions and interpretations of what was happening - 14What are the strengths of qualitative research?1. Direct focus: The focus is on understanding a problem and working towards a solution directly, not by trying to reach the truth via rejecting false explanations
2. Generation and elaboration: Because they involve intense investigations, they are well suited for finding new ideas which can be taken on later by quantitative studies
3. Participant's needs: There is much better feeling for participants' needs, which decreases the risk of advice that is perceived as unhelpful by them - 15What are the limitations of qualitative research?1. Deciding between theories: The methods are not good for deciding between ideas and theories, because there is no external criterion
2. Introspection: Methods are based on introspection, which has its own limitations
3. Researcher's involvement: The researcher has an impact on the interview and the analysis, which may be a disadvantage in high-stakes situations (personnel selection/university admission) - 16Both research methods are incompatible. Why should qualitative psychology leave?- It throws away all the progress that has been made and throws psychology back to before it was scientific
- It rejects the existence of an objective reality, which is why science exits
- It doesn't provide researchers with new information and devalues psychological research to pop psychology - 17Both research methods are incompetable. Why should quantitative psychology leave?- It clutches at the scientific method just for status and money, not for understanding human functioning
- It is misguided in its search for the objective reality
- There is no objective reality, so quantitative methods have nothing to tell us about human functioning - 18Why can both research methods be seen as complementing?- One's weaknesses are the other's strengths
- Quantitative research is more than a positivist search for scientific laws of behavior
- Qualitative research is more than a chat with participants. Data collection is as rigorous as in quantitative research
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- Fundamentals (Chapter 11) FlashCards sobre Chapter 11, criado por Jessica van der Neut em 30-01-2022.
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- Jessica van der Neut
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