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Flashcards

Psyc

wiemer.jesse Inglês 125 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (125)

  1. 1set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats.Fight-or-flight response:
  2. 2consists of your recognition of the threat and the physiological reactions that accompany it including increases in bloods pressure, muscle tension, heart rate, and adrenaline release.Alarm
  3. 3characterized by an individual using his or her physical and mental resources to respond to the stressor in appropriate way.Resistance
  4. 4occurs when the stressful experience depletes your physical resources and your physiological stress response declines.Exhaustion
  5. 5- Sweaty palms, increased heart rate, butterflies in stomach. - Causes the inner part of the adrenal glands known as the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. These chemicals trigger the bodily changes associated with the fight-or-flight response.1. Autonomic Nervous system (ANS):
  6. 6- A neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands). - When someone thinks they are in a stressful situation they release substance2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA):
  7. 7is the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning.Psychoneuroimmunology:
  8. 8- link between stress and eating is not the only health issue that is oversimplified or misunderstood. - People typically associate ulcers in stomach, esophagus, and intestine. - The belief that stress causes ulcers, in actuality it is causes by bacterium. - Thus stress does not actually cause ulcers, it can worsen their symptoms. - (Anything that can irritate the digestive system)Stress and Ulcers
  9. 9- So stressed people would find less joy in things. - Pathways are adaptive responses to immediate threats (fight-or-flight) - When threats are frequent, the chronic activation of pathways is damaging to other physiological systems. (immune, heart, nervous) - Examples of chronic stress (pregnant woman, someone who raise disable children)Chronic Stress:
  10. 10describes a person who tends to be impatient and worry about time, and are easily angered, competitive, and highly motivated.Type A personality:
  11. 11describes people who are more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing, and relaxed disposition.Type B personality:
  12. 12is used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time.Cross-sectional design:
  13. 13follows the development of the same set of individuals through time.Longitudinal design:
  14. 14which are differences between people that result from being born in different time periods.Cohort effects:
  15. 15is a window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental simulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability.Sensitive period:
  16. 16the study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan.Cognitive development:
  17. 17a conservative process, whereby people fit new information into the belief systems they already posses.Assimilation:
  18. 18from birth to two years, during which infants thinking about and exploration of the world are based on immediate sensory (seeing, feeling) and motor (grabbing, mouthing) experiences.Sensorimotor stage
  19. 19(ages 2 to 7) this stage is devoted to language development, using symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation.Preoperational stage:
  20. 20(ages 7 to 11 years) when children develop skills in logical thinking and manipulation numbers.Concrete operational stage:
  21. 21(ages 11 to adulthood) involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.Formal operational stage
  22. 22refers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event, something infants are well known for doing.Habituation:
  23. 23an increase in responsiveness with presentation of a new stimulus.Dishabituation:
  24. 24- Children make mistakes - Mistakes are age dependent - Mistakes tell us where they are developmentallyPiaget Cognitive development
  25. 25: the caregiver is a secure base that the child turns toward occasionally, “checking in” for reassurance as he or she explores the room.- 1. Secure attachment: the
  26. 26two subtypes were distinguished Anxious/resistant. The caregivers are a base of secure caregiver, exhibiting “clingy” behavior. Avoidant: this child behaves as though she does not need the caregiver at all, and plays in the room as though she is oblivious to the caregiver.- 2. Insecure attachment:
  27. 27what best characterizes disorganized attachment is instability; the child has learned that caregivers are both sources of fear and comfort, leaving the child oscillating between wanting to get away and wanting to be reassured.Disorganized:
  28. 28meaning that they only consider their own perspective.Egocentric:
  29. 29the ability to recognize the thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others, and to understand that these can be different from one’s own.Theory of mind:
  30. 30which is focused on meeting our own needs for securityAttachment behavioral system:
  31. 31: which is focused on meeting the needs of others.Caregiving behavioral system:
  32. 32A state of physiological equilibrium that the body strives maintains. Body energy regulation= Gut and brain → Brain → Eat → EnergyHomeostasis:
  33. 33- released from large intestine - In response to food intake - Received in hypothalamus - Result in decreased hungerPYY
  34. 34Released from upper small intestine In response to food intake Received in hypothalamus Result in decreased hungerCCK
  35. 35Released from stomach In response to absence of food Received in hypothalamus Result in increased hungerGhrelin
  36. 36Released from fat cells In response to nothing Received in hypothalamus Result in decreased hungerLeptin
  37. 37Brain system that makes eating pleasurable Structures = hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens .Reward system
  38. 38Dopamine is a ?Neurotransmitter
  39. 39the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consumeUnit bias:
  40. 40eating more. Dinner hosts may encourage guests to take second and even third helpings, and individuals with a reputation for big appetites will be prodded to eat the most.Social facilitation
  41. 41Eating less. Sometimes people self-consciously control their behavior so that others will see them in a certain way, a phenomenon known as impression management. Ex. It is polite to chew with your mouth closed the minimal eating norm suggests that another aspect of good manners is to eat small amounts to avoid seeming rude.Impression management:
  42. 42Eating whatever they can. If you are somewhere watching people eat and you see they are not eating as much you will restrain from eating. Later you may drop by your friend’s family reunion where everyone is having seconds and in this case you will more likely have no problem eating as much as you want because you feel comfortable around them.Modeling:
  43. 43is a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.Obesity
  44. 44is an eating disorder that involves 1. Self-starvation 2 intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with one’s body 3. A denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight.Anorexia nervosa
  45. 45an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating and purging.Bulimia nervosa:
  46. 46helps recruit energy to prepare you for a response.1. Sympathetic nervous system:
  47. 47helps preserve energy and calms you down if no response is necessary.2. The parasympathetic nervous system:
  48. 48this view suggested that our physiological reaction to stimuli (e.g a racing heart) precede the emotional experience.James-Lange theory of emotion:
  49. 49suggested that the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings, and that these representations in the brain trigger response in the body.Cannon-Bard theory of emotion:
  50. 50suggests that our emotional expressions can influence our subjective emotional stage.Facial feedback hypothesis:
  51. 51: holds that patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences. - The study provided the first evidence that our cognitive interpretation of an emotional event can have a dramatic effect on how we experience that situation. - Physiological responses to emotional situations it is our interpretation of those events that leads to our emotional experiences.Two-factor theory:
  52. 52- You observe other people’s faces and body movements in order to make an educated guess about what thoughts and feelings are going on inside their heads. - Primary method of communicating our emotional feelings is through our facial expressions. - Crinkling of muscles near the eye (orbicularis oculi) and the movement of the mouth (zygomatic major)Expressing emotions
  53. 53are the dreamers and creative; - they tend to be more ‘open’ to new things - More open to new experiences, unusual ideas - Often hold beliefs that would be considered(high Os)
  54. 54- prefer things that are tangible rather than symbolic, priding themselves on being practical. - Straightforward, prefer to learn about things they already belief in, pay less attention to information and challenges their perspective.Low in openness (Low Os)
  55. 55- organizers, efficient, self disciplined, and dependable. - Meet deadlines, plan ahead to achieve their goals, comfortable with schedule and lists. - Great employers and students.(High Cs)
  56. 56- easy going, fun to hang out with. Not so great as to work with on a project. - Disorganized, careless, difficulty with deadlines. - Uncomfortable with schedules and detailed plans, prefer to be in the moment. - Not stressed.(Low Cs)
  57. 57- Socializers, and sensation seekers. - Comfortable in more stimulating environments. - Love being around others, outgoing, energetic. - Assertive, talkative, and refer high levels of stimulation and excitement much of the time. - Take things to far, higher risk for dangerous activities such as substance abuse.Extroverts (High Es)
  58. 58- Quit ones, social contact, need time for solitary activities and recharging there batteries. - While extroverts part it up introverts sit on there couch and have a goof conversation. Great when you need someone to talk to.Introverts (Low Es)
  59. 59- If dogs they would be golden retrievers. - Warm friendly people, easy to like, easy to be friends with. - Kind, compassionate, empathetic, helpful and altruistic, get along with people. - Make great team members, leadership skills often suffer.(High As)
  60. 60- put themselves first, value being authentic before peoples needs. - Cold unfriendly, uncooperative, and unkind. - Less trusting of human nature in general,, don’t experience much empathy, self-interested rather than altruistic.(Low As)
  61. 61- healthy people, secure and confident, let go of negative emotions easily, highly resistant to stress. - Excellent at managing their emotions.(Low Ns)
  62. 62- a highly problematic set of personality characteristics that involve three key tendencies. 1. obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities in a society. 2. Supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order; and 3. Believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order High RWA individuals were likely instrumental in the rise of fascism that led to World War 2.Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)
    (Bob Altemeyer)
  63. 63focuses on identifying the mechanisms underlying behaviorTrait theory
  64. 64emphasize on describing personality and predicting instead of explain why people behave the way they do.psychodynamics theory
  65. 65is your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now.Conscious mind:
  66. 66a much more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviors.Unconscious mind:
  67. 67operates according to the pleasure principle.ID
  68. 68is compromised of our values and moral standards. - tell us what we ought to do.SuperEgo
  69. 69the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego.Ego
  70. 70An oral fixation can occur if the infant fails to transition out of the oral stage.Oral stage
  71. 71this stage occurs during the toddler years (2-3), during which toilet training and the control of bowel movements takes up a lot of the toddler’s awareness.Anal stage
  72. 72Ages 3-6, are monumentally important time in the child’s development. Bodily attention shifts to the genitals as children become aware of the differences between boys and girls and start to heavily identify with on gender.The phallic stage:
  73. 73After the lurid sexuality and emotional drama of the phallic stage, the latency stage is downright boring. Between ages 5 and 13, the ego and superego have achieved a degree of general calm. It is a period of rich personal development for children, during which they gain many of their intellectual, social, artistic, and physical skills.The latency stage:
  74. 74The onset of puberty marks the beginning of this stage, which continues throughout adulthood. A time during which the person emerges into a mature adult personality, with a fully developed capacity for productive work and satisfying and loving relationships.The Genital stage
  75. 75made a dramatic break from Freud over disagreements about a number of issues, founding the analytical psychology movement.Carl Jung
  76. 76focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development.Analytical psychology:
  77. 77people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.Person- centered perspective:
  78. 78which is the drive to grow and fulfills one’s potential.Self-actualization:
  79. 79the (unusually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts.Social norms:
  80. 80: which occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others.Social loafing:
  81. 81refers to this stifling of diversity that occurs when individuals are not able to express their true perspectives, instead having to focus on agreeing with others and maintaining harmony in the groupGroupthink
  82. 82Mimicry and EmpathyWhen someone or you mimic someone that means you like them
  83. 83a social pressure to adopt a groups perspective in order to be accepted, rather that rejected by a group.Normative influence:
  84. 84which occurs when people internalize the values and beliefs of the group, coming to believe the same things and feel the same ways themselves.Informational influence:
  85. 85the presence of other people actually reduces the likelihood of helping behavior.Bystandard effect
  86. 86You look around the room in a situation when someone needs help and no one else is doing anything about it and you don’t because when nobody’s doing anything you feel you don’t either.Pluralistic Ignorance:
  87. 87are more specific sets of exceptions for how someone n a specific position should behave.Social Roles:
  88. 88Once the power of authority is added to the mix of social influence factors, the power of the situation becomes truly profound. - Once you gain authority of something you change. Milgrams study.Obedience to authority
  89. 89: We also tend to assume that the way we see things is the way that we are, that our perceptions of reality are accurateNaïve realism: We also tend to assume that the way we see things is the way that
  90. 90groups we feel positively toward and identify with.In groups
  91. 91those “other” groups that we don’t identify with.Out groups:
  92. 92is a cognitive structure, a set of beliefs about the characteristic that are held by members of a specific social group; these beliefs function as schemas, serving to guide how we process information about our social world.Stereotype:
  93. 93is an affective, emotionally driven process, including negative attitudes toward and critical judgment’s of other groups.Prejudice:
  94. 94is a behavior that disfavor’s or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way.Discrimination:
  95. 95- Observing actions directed against members of out-group - Anonymous polling Private: no fear of looking prejudiced to those who know you. Indirect: no fear of looking prejudiced to strangers polling you (social desirability bias)Explicit Prejudice
  96. 96- Real-world: choice behavior (e.g Hiring) - Laboratory: Implicit associations Perceptual Priming NeuroimagingImplicit Prejudice
  97. 97when we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of aversive inner tension, or “dissonance”; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can.Cognitive Dissonance theory:
  98. 98general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between client and therapies for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts.Insight therapies:
  99. 99forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts.Psychodynamic therapies:
  100. 100clients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way.1. Free association:
  101. 101a method for understanding the unconscious by examining the details of what happens during a dream, in order to gain insight into the tre meaning of dream, the emotional, unconscious material that is communicated symbolically.- Dream analysis:
  102. 102Occurs as the treatment brings up unconscious material that the client wishes to avoid, nd the client engages in strategies for keeping the information out of conscious awarenessResistance:
  103. 103a psychoanalytic process whereby clients direct the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward the therapist, rather than the original person involved in the experiences4. Transference:
  104. 104: a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experience and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning.Objection relation’s therapy:
  105. 105: the therapist addresses the clients feelings and thoughts as the unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past.Phenomenological approach:
  106. 106which focuses on individual’s abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist.Client-centered therapy:
  107. 107a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive. Irrational, and maladaptive.Anxiety disorders
  108. 108an anxiety disorder marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear.Panic disorder:
  109. 109resulting from an intense fear of having a panic attack in public; as a result of this fear, the individual may begin to avoid public settings and increasingly isolate himself or herself.Agoraphobia(often associated with panic disorders):
  110. 110very strong fear of being judged by other or being embarrassed or humiliated in publicSocial anxiety disorder:
  111. 111repeatedly and in stages exposed to the object of his fear so that he can work past his emotional reactions.Exposure
  112. 112plagued by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions), and tend to engage in repetitive almost ritualistic behaviors (compulsions).Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):
  113. 113involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety, generally from the normal challenges and stresses of everyday life.Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):
  114. 114a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness, and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness.Major depression:
  115. 115characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy.Bipolar disorder (manic depression):
  116. 116Brain imaging research has identified two primary regions of interest related to depression:1. The limbic system, which is active in emotional responses and processing.
    2. The dorsal (back) of the frontal cortex, which generally plays a role in controlling thoughts and concentrating.
  117. 117: addresses problem behaviors, and the environment factors that trigger them, as directly as possible.Behavioral therapists:
  118. 118gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is couple with relaxation training.Systematic desensitization:
  119. 119a behavioral technique that involves replacing a positive to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment.Aversive conditioning:
  120. 120the tendency to make internal, stable, ad global attributions for negative events.Negative explanatory style:
  121. 121thoughts that say “ its all my fault” blaming oneself excessively for negative things that happen, rather than appreciating that, even though one may bear some responsibility, there were also other factors that contributed to the negative event, such a bad luck or the behavior of other people.Internal attributions:
  122. 122thoughts like “its never going to change” coming to see the situation as permanent and irreversible.Stable attributions:
  123. 123thoughts like “my whole life is ruined” blowing things out of proportion rather than seeing a negative event as simply as that, on negative event and not something that needs to spiral into greater problems.Global events:
  124. 124which occurs when one is able to “step back” from ones normal consciousness and observe oneself more objectively as an observer.Decentring:
  125. 125: an orientation that encourages therapists to see individual’s symptoms as being influenced by many different interacting systems.Systems approach:

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FlashCards sobre Psyc, criado por wiemer.jesse em 03-12-2015.
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