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Flashcards

Long Term Memory

Dooney 201 Cognitive Inglês 77 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (77)

  1. 1What did Unsworth et al. (2011) found in regard to the dilution model and working memory capacity?No effect of working memory capacity
  2. 2How do errors occur in Source Monitoring Theory?When encoding of context does not occur. Older more prone to this than young.
  3. 3What are the two cognitive processes involved in source motoring processing?Heuristic and Systematic
  4. 4Heuristic processes are...Quick and Unconcious
  5. 5Systematic processes are...Slow and concious
  6. 6Heuristic and Systematic processes both use...Perceptual, contextual and other event related information
  7. 7What is the main problem in research of memory decline with age?It varies dramatically, particularly as some older adults have memory as good as young
  8. 8Who created the cognitive reserve hypothesis?Christensen et al. (2008)
  9. 9What is the cognitive reserve hypothesis?Factors such as innate difference and life experiences provide a reserve protecting people from ageing.
  10. 10What did Stern et al. (1995) find?High education delays dementia symptoms.
  11. 11Who found educational background is biggest predictor of cognitive decline?Ardila et al. (2000)
  12. 12Why should there be caution about high education and age?As in previous generation high education meant wealth.
  13. 13How could education explain why some don't have a decline in memory with age?Education might help people develop a wider range of coping mechanisms, cognitive strategies and how to use them to assist performance.
  14. 14What did Angel et al. (2010) find?1) Older worse than young
    2) No difference of education in young
    3) High education better than low in old
    4) More neural activity in high education in both old and young
  15. 15Dando et al. (2009) demonstrated...Self-administered interview improved recall, and sketch-pad reinstatement further improved recall in older adults.
  16. 16What evidence is there for the associative deficit hypothesis?Older adults are bad at all types of memory pair tasks.
  17. 17What is Source Monitoring Theory?Memory records are activated and evaluated through decision processes determine source of memory
  18. 18How does population dilution explain why change temporal order being unsuccessful?It does not allow for maintenance rehearsal or temporal recency, making items less accessible.
    Change temporal order uses resources, increasing null traces
  19. 19How does context maintenance explain why change temporal order is not effective?Memory search is driven by context influence, change temporal order disrupts context.
  20. 20What did Kahana (1996) say about clusters?Temporal clustering is common in recall sequences
  21. 21What is the theory of clustering?Items closer together are more likely to be recalled, and this effect decreases with distance between items.
  22. 22Who found elaborate mental activity impairs first recall?Sahakajan and Kelly (2002)
  23. 23Which studies give evidence for some aspects of memory being affected more than others with age?Balota et al. (2000)
    Craik and Jennings (1992)
  24. 24What happens to the hippocampus with age?Neuronal loss
    Decrease in Neuron density
    Neurogenisis slows down
  25. 25How is the Hippocampus involved in memory?In memory forming, organising and storing
  26. 26Where does the hippocampus send memories for consolidation?Neurocortex
  27. 27What is cognition speed a measure of?Cognitive efficiency and cognitive proficeny
  28. 28What did Salthouse (1996) involve?Participants did a wide range of psychometric tests and did a memory performance task.
  29. 29What did Salthouse (1996) find?Age was only related to speed and memory performance. But when speed was made a control measure, the link between age and memory was weak
  30. 30What did Salthouse (1996) demonstrate?Old do just as well as young if you give them time
  31. 31How said the reduction of limited processing resources impairs older adults in demanding tasks?Herman and Coyne (1980)
  32. 32Schacter et al. (1998) found...Older adults less likely to encode context relevant information, leading to poor retrieval cues
  33. 33What is the problems of reduced processing resources as an explanation of worse performance with age?Vague account, nothing on specific deficits
    High standard deviations in studies
  34. 34Who found older adults have a decreased ability to inhibit irrelevant information?Duchek et al. (1995)
  35. 35What are the things did Hasher and Zacks (1988) say an efficient system must be able to do?Attend to a task
    Inhibit irrelevant information
  36. 36What did Hasher et al. (1991) find?Older adults more distracted by irrelevant information
    Rely on more accessible cues in memory and enviroment
  37. 37Who found the same amount of retrieval induced forgetting in older and young participants?Aslan et al. (2007)
  38. 38Who created the Associative Deficit Hypothesis?Nevah-Benjamin (2000)
  39. 39What is the associative deficit hypothesis?Older adults have difficulties in making associations between units of information
  40. 40Who says InVivo and InVitro approaches combines naturalistic and experimental methodsDunbar and Blanehette (2001)
  41. 41The InVivo approach...Captures science as it happens in the real world.
  42. 42The InVitro approach...Conducts labortory replications or investigations of captured behaviour
  43. 43Who said, 'if we never forgot, memory would be poor'James (1890)
  44. 44Who said forgetting is an integral part of memory?Macure and Mcleod (1999)
  45. 45How is forgetting an adaptive mechanism as behavioural plasticity? (4 answers)1) Adapt to changes in environment
    2) Update memory
    3) Moderating access ability of memories
    4) Adjust to aftermath of serious event
  46. 46Who said forgetting is needed as we live in an ever changing world, where goals change with no indication, with information irrelevant today, might be relevant tomorrow?Bjork et al. (2006)
  47. 47Who created Retrieval Induced Forgetting?Anderson et al. (1994)
  48. 48How does forgetting occur in retrieval induced forgetting model?From selective processing, with related competing memories being suppressed/inhibited, so we can remember what we want
  49. 49What are the 4 stages of Anderson et al.'s (1994) paradigm?1) Presentation of category-exemplar pairs
    2) On completion, practise half the exemplars from half the categories
    3) Distractor Task
    4) Recall
  50. 50What was the results of Anderson et al. (1994)?Practised exemplars were more likely to be recalled than non-practised, and recall in non-practised categories was average.
  51. 51Who said retrieval induced forgetting is an active inhibitory process?Anderson and Spellman (1995)
  52. 52What needs to be done to test if retrieval induced forgetting is an inhibitory process?By adding novel retrieval cues in recall, if non-practised exemplars are still not recalled they have been inhibited.
  53. 53Who replicated Anderson et al. (1994) adding a 24 hour gap between 2 stages?Macleod and Macrea (2001)
  54. 54Where did Macleod and Macrea (2001) add 24 hour gaps in their study?Between presentation and practise, and in another condition between practise and distractor task
  55. 55What did Macleod and Macrea (2001) find and demonstrate?Found no retrieval induced forgetting when there was a 24 hour gap between practise and distraction, showing retrieval induced forgetting is temporary
  56. 56Who created the strategy disruption hypothesis?Dodd et al. (2008)
  57. 57How does strategy disruption hypothesis explain forgetting?As retrieval processing forcing material to be recalled in a different order as to the order it was learnt
  58. 58What is the problem with strategy disruption hypothesis?It lacks empirical evidence.
  59. 59Who found higher working memory capacity is related to more retrieval induced forgetting?Aslan and Baum (2011)
  60. 60Who created the dilution model?Lansdale and Baguley (2008)
  61. 61What is the three assumptions of the dilution model?1) Memory consists of memory traces
    2) Memory performance predicted by proportion of correct traces retrieved
    3) Number of correct traces is diluted by null traces over time
  62. 62What are the three types of traces in the dilution model?Correct, errornoues, and null
  63. 63How does dilution occur in the dilution model?Over time
  64. 64What type of model is dilution model?Mathematical Model
  65. 65Dilution Model is only for what type of recall?Cued recall
  66. 66How is the Dilution Model related to retrieval induced forgetting?They are alternate models from each other
  67. 67Who said mental time-travel is fragile?Tulving (1972)
  68. 68Memory is...Suggestible and malleble
  69. 69Which is one main way memory can be influenced?Interview style
  70. 70Who created the Cognitive Interview Procedures?Home Office (1980)
  71. 71Who created script theory?Schank and Abelson (1977)
  72. 72What does script theory state about retrieval?It is influenced by prior knowledge and application of scripts
  73. 73What are the negative effects of scripts?Gap filling errors and inconsistent information.
  74. 74Who created the Change Temporal Order technique?Bower (1967)
  75. 75What is a trace?A stored series of interconnected representations.
  76. 76Change Temporal Order is a...Multicomponent theory of memory trace.
  77. 77What did Dando and Ormerod (2009) demonstrate?Change Temporal Order produced less information and more confabulations

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201 Cognitive FlashCards sobre Long Term Memory, criado por Dooney em 17-04-2013.
Criado por
Dooney
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