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Flashcards

Perception and Visual Illusions

Steph M PSY1EFP Mid-Semester Exams Inglês 71 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (71)

  1. 1SensationThe detection of external stimuli and the transmission of this info to the brain
  2. 2PerceptionThe processing, organisation, and interpretation of sensory signals
  3. 3Bottom-Up ProcessingPerception based on the physical features of the stimulus
  4. 4Top-Down ProcessingHow knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory info
  5. 5TransductionThe process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret
  6. 6Sensory CodingThe process of our sensory systems translating physical stimuli into neural impulses
  7. 7Sensory ReceptorsThese receive physical or chemical stimulation and pass the resulting impulses to the brain in the form of neural impulses
  8. 8QualitativeInfo that consists of the most basic qualities of a stimulus
  9. 9QuantitativeInfo that consists of the degree, or magnitude, of those qualities
  10. 10Absolute ThresholdThe minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
  11. 11Difference ThresholdThe minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli
  12. 12PsychophysicsA subfield developed during the 19th century that examines our psychological experiences of physical stimuli
  13. 13Weber's LawStates that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on the proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of difference
    - The more intense the stimulus the bigger change needed for you to notice
  14. 14"Hit"If the signal is present and the participant detects it
  15. 15"Miss"If the participant fails to detect the signal
  16. 16"False Alarm"If the participant detects a signal that was not presented
  17. 17"Correct Rejection"If the signal is not presented and the participant does not detect it
  18. 18Response BiasA participant's tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial
  19. 19Signal Detection Theory (SDT)A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgement, it is not an all-or-nothing process
  20. 20Sensory AdaptionA decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
  21. 21CorneaLight first passes through the eyes thick, transparent outer layer and focuses the incoming light
  22. 22LensThe focused light from the cornea enters the lens and is bent further inward and focused onto the retina
  23. 23RetinaThe thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, it contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals
  24. 24PupilThe dark circle at the centre of the eye, a small opening in the front of the lens, by contracting or dilating the pupil determines how much light enters the eye
  25. 25IrisA circular muscle, that determines the eye's colour and controls the pupil's size
  26. 26AccommodationWhen muscles change the shape of the lens to focus on objects that are close or far away
  27. 27RodsRetinal cells that respond to low levels of lights and result in black-and-white perception (night vision)
  28. 28ConesRetinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in colour perception
    (day vision)
  29. 29FoveaThe centre of the retina, where cones are densely packed
  30. 30PhotopigmentsProtein molecules that become unstable and split apart when exposed to light, this decomposition alters the membrane potential of the photoreceptors and triggers action potentials in downstream neurons
  31. 31Ganglion CellsThe first neurons in the visual pathway with axons, they are the first neurons to generate action potentials
  32. 32Optic NerveA bundle of axons which exits the eye at the back of the retina, there are no rods or cones where the optic nerve exits the eye, producing a blind spot in each eye
  33. 33Optic ChiasmWhere half the axons in the optic nerve cross, causing all info from the left side of visual space to be projected to the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa
  34. 34Ventral StreamAppears to be specialised for the perception and recognition of objects
  35. 35Dorsal StreamAppears to be specialised for spatial perception
  36. 36Object AgnosiaThe inability to recognise objects
  37. 37Trichromatic TheoryColour vision results from activity in three different types of cones, each receptor is sensitive to different wave lengths
  38. 38Opponent-Process TheoryAccording to this theory, red and green are opponent colours so when we stare at a red image for some time, we see a green after image, creating the perception the red and green are opponents
  39. 39HueConsists of the distinctive characteristics that place a particular colour in the spectrum, dependent primarily on the light's dominant wavelength when it reaches the eye
  40. 40SaturationIs the purity of the colour, this varies according to the mixture of wavelengths in a stimulus (more wavelengths = less pure)
  41. 41BrightnessIs the colour's perceived intensity, mostly determined by the total amount of light reaching the eye
  42. 42LightnessIs determined by the brightness of the stimulus relative to its surroundings
  43. 43Gestalt PrinciplesThese explain why we perceive sensory info as organised whole objects
  44. 44ProximityThe closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them together and seem them as part of the same object
  45. 45SimilarityWe tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other, whether in shape, colour, or orentation
  46. 46ContinuityWe tend to group together edges or contours that have the same orientation, it appears to play a role in completing an object behind anything that hides a portion of the object
  47. 47ClosureWe tend to complete figures that have gaps
  48. 48Illusory ContoursWe sometimes perceive contours and cues to depth even when they do not exist
  49. 49Figure and GroundIn identifying either figure, the brain assigns the rest of the scene to the background, assignment of figure and ground is ambiguous and the figures periodically reverse
  50. 50ProsopagnosiaDeficits in the ability to recognise faces but not in the ability to recognise objects
  51. 51Fusiform GyrusA region of the brain in the right hemisphere which may be specialised for perceiving faces
  52. 52Binocular Depth CuesCues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes
  53. 53Monocular Depth CuesCues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone
  54. 54Binocular DisparityA depth cue: because of the distance between the two eyes, each eye receives a slightly different retinal image
  55. 55Steroscopic VisionThe ability to determine an object's depth based on that object's projections to each eye
  56. 56ConvergenceA cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eyes inward
  57. 57OcclusionA near object occludes (blocks) an object that is farther away
  58. 58Relative SizeFar-off objects project a smaller retinal image than close objects do, if the far-off and close objects are the same physical size
  59. 59Familiar SizeBecause we know how large familiar objects are, we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images
  60. 60Linear PerspectiveSeemingly parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
  61. 61Texture GradientAs a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser
  62. 62Position Relative to Horizon- Objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away
    - Objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away
  63. 63The Ames BoxAmes boxes play with linear perspective and other distance cues, one room makes a far corner appear the same distance as a near corner
  64. 64The Ponzo IllusionTwo horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are actually the same length, the two lines drawn together trick your brain into thinking they are parallel and receding into the distance
  65. 65Motion AftereffectsMay occur when you gaze at a moving image for a long time and then look at a stationary scene, you experience a momentary impression that the new scene is moving in the opposite direction from the moving image
  66. 66Stroboscopic Motion PerceptionA perceptual illusion that occurs when two or more slightly different images are presented in rapid succession and are perceived as being in motion
  67. 67Object ConstancyCorrectly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, colour, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception
  68. 68Size Constancy- Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their size, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception
    - Size constancy relies on knowing how far away the object is from us
  69. 69Shape Constancy- Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception
    - Shape constancy relies on knowing what angle or angles we are seeing the object from
  70. 70Colour Constancy- Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their colour, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception
    - Colour constancy relies on comparing the wavelengths of light reflected from the object with those reflected from its background
  71. 71Lightness Constancy- Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception
    - Lightness constancy relies on knowing how much light is being reflected from the object and its background

Informações

Descrição
Definitions about perception, the eye, visual illusions, and constancy
Criado por
Steph M
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