Flashcards
History Quiz
Flashcards do conjunto (63)
- 1HUDSON BAY COMPANYThe company was incorporated by English royal charter in 1670
functioned as the de facto government in parts of North America before European states and later the United States laid claim to some of those territories
It was once the world's largest landowner having 15% of North America
Controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English-controlled North America for several centuries
HBC traders and trappers forged relationships with many groups of native peoples - 2WHY THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY?By the middle of the 1700s, British fur traders had crossed the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio River Valley
Ohio River Valley was claimed by both the British colonies and French.
Contained various access points to other connected rivers through the North American Mid-West - 3The Fur TradeA. Earliest & most important industry for French (business) in North America
B. 1500s-1800s Beaver fur was used to make hats, they were the fashion in Europe.
* One of the causes of the French and Indian War. - 4Land* Another cause of the French and Indian War.
A. English colonists bought 500,000 acres of land in the Ohio Valley to farm
B. This would hurt the French colonial fur trade
* This brought economic, religious, and political conflict between the English and French in the Ohio River Valley. - 5French in North AmericaLand was originally claimed by French explorers.
French fur traders used the Ohio River area for fur trading.
French gov’t built forts to stop English taking the land. - 6British in North AmericaThe English colonies grew and prospered. New colonists were looking for more land.
Free or cheap land offered new opportunities and economic freedom.
English government built forts and started to grant land to its citizens. - 7Native RelationsFrench have better relationships with Indians.
English wanted to take their land for farming.
Most French colonists were fur traders and trappers.
French only wanted the fur. They didn’t want to stay on the land.
They lived among the natives and adopted their ways.
They learned to make canoes, trap animals, make snow shoes, and etc..
They learned Native American languages.
They took native brides.
Bi-racial children - 8The start of the warThe English attack French Fort Duquesne. The attack was a disaster and was the beginning of the French and Indian War.
- 9The war was fought on which two contientsNorth America and Europe
- 10War ItselfIn North America, England and France fought over control of the entire Western frontier including the Ohio River Valley.
- 11Advantages of British/ AmericanA. Larger Population
B. Militias
Poorly organized and equipped.
1. They were ready at a moment’s notice.
2. Fighting the Indians for over a 100 years.
C. Self-supporting
Produced enough food and supplies.
D. Britain controlled the seas. - 12Advantages of FrenchSingle Colonial Government
One government meant less discussion during decision making.
(American colonists didn’t always agree to follow British orders)
Pattern of Settlement
Towns were clustered together
Well-fortified positions
Build high on cliffs. - 13Disadvantages of British/AmericanColonial Assemblies
Each colony jealously guarded its own power.
B. Fighting an Offensive War
Attack Quebec and Montreal to win the war. - 14Disadvantages of FrenchSmaller Population
Depended on Imports
British controlled the seas.
Troops
1. France sent few troops over.
2. Defense fell to the fur trading companies. - 15Native American InvolvementBritish/American Colonies
Iroquois League
Mostly neutral, but did fight occasionally.
Chief of the Mohawks
Joseph Brant
Became a colonel in the British army. - 16Native American InvolvmentFrench Colonies
Algonquins, Ottawas & the Hurons
Longtime trading partners
Didn’t trust the land grabbing white settlers. - 17The Albany PlanDelegates from nine of the thirteen colonies met in Albany, New York.
Ben Franklin (drew it up), delegate from Pennsylvania came to Albany with a “Plan of Union” or “Albany Plan”, a loose union or compact between the colonies.
A promise from the colonies to work together.
The plan failed because the colonial assemblies and the British Parliament rejected it. - 18The Last of the MohicansWritten by James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of the Mohicans is part of a series of four books called The Leatherstocking Tales.
Follows the life of a colonial boy and his Native American friend. - 19BATTLE OF QUEBECTurning Point of War
September 13, 1759
British approach Quebec by sea and climb cliffs-surprise attack
Plains of Abraham
French caught off guard.
Commanders of both armies die in battle
G. British claim victory
H. French surrender in America a year later on September 6, 1760 - 20WAR ENDSFrance and Britain continued fighting in Europe for three more years
Treaty of Paris is signed on February 10, 1763-this ends the war.
France surrenders all land in North America to Britain - 21Results of WarBritain gained control over half the North American continent
French Canada, all French territorial claims
east of the Mississippi River
Spanish Florida.
British decide to reevaluate their relationship with the colonies.
1. Want to re-establish control.
The British government also faced pressing financial problems.
Britain began fighting in 1754 with a national debt of approximately 75 million pounds, but the war effort caused the debt to soar to 133 million pounds by 1763. - 22Most Important Things to Remember!French vs. British & American Colonists--with Indians fighting on both sides.
War in North America and Europe
War is over land, farming and furs.
Ben Franklin draws a political cartoon and writes the Albany Plan to try and get the colonies to work together.
Britain and the British colonists won the war!!
The Treaty of Paris, 1763, officially ends the war.
France looses North America and the British take over their land.
Proclamation Line of 1763 which is England’s attempt to control the colonies - 23Proclamation Line of 1763The British declared that American colonists would not be allowed to set up or keep settlements west of an imaginary line running down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation acknowledged that Native Americans owned the lands on which they were then residing and white settlers in the area were to be removed.
- 24The Story Thus FarEuropean nations were competing with each other for:
World resources
Military strength
Political superiority
Some nations were upsetting the balance of power - 25Major CausesThe French and Indian War
The Sugar Act
The Stamp Act - 26The Sugar Act - 1764First attempt to raise income from the Colonies
Duty on sugar and molasses not obtained from Britain
Smuggling cases tried in Great Britain - 27The Stamp Act—1765Official government stamp required
First internal tax paying for British protection - 28More Major CausesThe Townshend Acts
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
The Intolerable Acts - 29The Townshend Acts—1767Import duties on tea, lead, glass, and paint colors
Money used to pay royal governors
“No taxation without representation” - 30Boston Massacre—1770Crowd of colonists threaten British soldiers
British open fire killing five Americans
Parliament canceled the Townshend
duties - 31Boston Tea Party—1773British sold tea even more cheaply than smuggled tea
Colonists dressed up as Mohawks
Colonists boarded tea ships
Tea was dumped overboard - 32The Intolerable Acts—1774Closed the Port of Boston
American town meetings banned
British officials in trouble sent to Great Britain for trial - 33First Continental Congress56 Delegates
Included George Washington, Patrick Henry and Sam Adams
Direct response to Intolerable Acts
Met in Philadelphia – 1774 - 34Colonists Agreed To:Boycott British goods
Arm themselves and form militias
Appeal to the king - 35King George III Refused To:Allow American colonist representation in Parliament
No respond to colonists’ complaints and official grievances - 36“The Shot Heard Round the World”American colonists stockpiled weapons in Concord, Massachusetts
800 British troops marched through Lexington on the way to Concord
Paul Revere: “The British are coming!” - 37The Armed MilitiaKnown as “Minutemen”
70 Minutemen on the Village Green
Known as the Battle of Lexington and Concord
Uncertain which side fired first
50 Americans killed and 45 wounded or missing
65 British killed and 208 wounded or missing - 38Second Continental CongressDecided to officially separate from Britain
Committee selected to draft the reasons for separation
Thomas Jefferson selected to write document
Met in Philadelphia - 39The Declaration of IndependenceWritten by
Thomas Jefferson
It is the “Birth Certificate of the United States”
Document listed rights and grievances against King George III
4 parts
Preamble
Declaration of rights
List of Grievances
Resolution
Written by
Thomas Jefferson
It is the “Birth Certificate of the United States”
Document listed rights and grievances against King George III
4 parts
Preamble
Declaration of rights
List of Grievances
Resolution - 40Choosing SidesPatriots – Supported the RevolutionLoyalists – Americans who supported the King
Red Coats/ Lobsterbacks – British Army - 41What Happened to those who Signed?Five were captured by the British, though eventually released
Approximately 12 had their homes ransacked and burned
One lost his son in the Continental Army
Several suffered wounds in various battles - 42Revolutionary Armies – The BritishHighly trained and disciplined for war on land or high seasBritish Army most powerful in world
Also well-equipped with weapons - 43Revolutionary ArmiesAmericans shot more accurately
British carried three days provisions
British gear weighed about 100 pounds - 44Revolutionary Armies – The AmericansRevolutionary Army knew lay of the land
Used weapons appropriate for landscape
Wore pieces of different uniforms
Brown army clothing - 45British AdvantagesWell-equipped
Disciplined
Strongest navy - 46American AdvantagesAccuracy of the rifle
Knowledge of the land
Guerilla warfare tactics
Superb command - 47Military Leaders—AmericanGeorge Washington: Commander of Americans Forces
Nathanael Greene: Top Strategist
Henry Knox: Artillery Expert
Benedict Arnold: Commander under Washington - 48British LeadersGeneral Charles Cornwallis
General John Burgoyne
Benedict Arnold
William Howe
All considered America one of the worst places to serve - 49Other Key PlayersFrance, Spain, Germany and Poland
Hessian mercenaries from
Germany
The Marquis de Lafayette:
Frenchman who
supported American
cause
Huge percentage of
American gunpowder
came from France
Bernardo De Galvez: Spanish lord in Mexico
Baron Friedrich von Steuben: German military commander who helped train American troops
Nathan Hale: American Spy “ I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” - 50The War at SeaApproximately 3,000 men enlisted—America made 13 Frigates
Most, if not all, were destroyed or captured
Colonial Navy authorized by Continental Congress October 13, 1775 - 51Major BattlesFort Ticonderoga
Bunker Hill
Trenton - 52Fort Ticonderoga—1775Key strategic location in New York
Ethan Allen and about 125 Green Mountain boys attacked fort - 53TiconderogaThe Fort was taken without firing a shot
British officers and women and children were captured
Cannons were taken from Ticonderoga to Boston
Henry Knox:
American Army top
artillery commander
Major hero of
American Revolution - 54Battle of Bunker Hill - 1775Red Coats victorious in third charge
Americans ran out of ammunition
Moral victory for American Army
Located near Boston
Costliest battle for British during whole war
British casualties 1,054
American casualties 441
British began to get nervous
Washington
took command
of the army
two weeks
after this battle - 55Battle of Trenton—1776Surprise attack the day after Christmas
Washington crossed the Delaware
Approximately 1000 German soldiers fighting for the British captured - 56Trenton & PrincetonAmerican casualties were four
German leader, Colonel Rall mortally wounded
Washington cleared British from central New Jersey - 57More Significant BattlesSaratoga
Winter at Valley Forge
Yorktown
Were blend of successes and failures for American Army - 58Battle of Saratoga – 1777The turning
point of the war
The biggest American victory at the time
Approximately 5,000 British surrender to Washington
After the American victory France changed its policies.
Feb. 1778 France and American formed an alliance
France declared war on Britain the next month
Spain declared war in 1779
Bernardo de Galvez chased British troops out of Louisiana and Florida. - 59Valley Forge – 1777-1778American Army out of food and clothing
Valley Forge briefly a refuge
Supplies ran out and many died
Washington appeals to Congress for help
Low point for American Army
Any deserters are shot
Marquis de Lafayette joined Washington as an aide
Friedrich von Steuben drilled the troops teaching them military discipline - 60Battle of Yorktown—1781French blockade aided
this final battle
Escape for the British was impossible
British General Cornwallis faced American forces approximately twice his size
Approximately 8,700 British troops surrendered
Pinned in by
American and
French Naval
fleets
General Benjamin
Lincoln accepted
the surrender
sword
British bands played “The World has Turned Upside Down” - 61The Treaty of Paris1783: The Treaty of Paris officially ends the Revolutionary War
Officially ended the American Revolution
Set many geographic borders, including U.S. and Canada
Florida was returned to Spain
British merchants must be paid for lost items
Loyalists must be paid for lost property - 62The AftermathPenalties inflicted on Loyalists
Some Loyalists were “tarred and feathered” and put on ships bound for Canada or Great Britain - 63The Articles of ConfederationWritten by John Dickson in 1777
Ratified in 1781
Governed Americans in 1781-1787
Paved way for new Constitution