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Flashcards

India

Lauren Le Prevost History A level Inglês 111 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (111)

  1. 1In the 1600s, Queen Elizabeth granted what to the East India Company, and what did this mean?She granted the Company a trading Charter, thus granting them a monopoly on trade in India.
  2. 2Who were the Mughals?The Muslim dynasty that ruled India from the 16th-19th century.
  3. 3Where did the Company established fortified trading posts in India and traded with the Mughals.Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
  4. 4Which cultures were included amongst the Indian inhabitants, and how many languages and dialects were there, demonstrating the diversity?Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Buddhists, with 6 main languages and over 200 dialects.
  5. 5Through what system is the Mughals tolerance of other cultural practices demonstrated?Through the caste system, a prominent element of Hindu society, which entailed a clear, strict and hierarchal order in society.
  6. 6What happened in June 1757, and why was this significant for the East India Company?In the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal, thus acquiring territory - so the East India Company became the Divan of all Bengal, placing it in a de facto position and in charge of tax collection.
  7. 7How did the 1813 Charter Act influence the East India Company in India?Because it removed the Company's monopoly on trade after being influence by the doctrine of free trade. This provoked the Company to look for other sources of income, becoming involved in civil administration and tax collection. A period of aggressive territorial acquisition by the Company followed.
  8. 8By what year had the Company's control extended from the 3 presidencies across the central plain of India, including the north eastern and north western provinces?1857.
  9. 9How was all of their territory governed and administered?By the East India Company through the presidencies, with the power residing in the Bengal presidency in Calcutta.
  10. 10The Company established one of what in each presidency?A private army in each of the 3 presidencies.
  11. 11What year was the Regulating Act and what did this mean?1773, in which Britain created governing councils of 5 - 2 were Company members and 3 were nominated by parliament, ensuring a government majority.
  12. 12What year was the East India Company (Money) Act passed, and what did this do?1786, it enabled the governor general, in special cases, to override council, thus giving him executive powers.
  13. 13What did the 1813 Charter Act permit?It permitted the education of Indians through missionaries, preaching and teaching English.
  14. 14What did the 1833 Charter Act entail?It ended the Company's commercial activity and reorganised the administrative system, formalising the role of governors general in India. Thus demonstrating the Company's changing function from commerce to administration.
  15. 15What was the full title of the governor general in India?Governor-general of the presidency of Fort William - (in Calcutta, Bengal).
  16. 16What did the Regulating Act (1773) mean in terms of the governor general?It meant that their appointment was at the ultimate control of the Crown.
  17. 17What was the name of the governor general that served first under the new system, 1774-85?Warren Hastings.
  18. 18What year was the East India Company Act and what did this allow?1786, it allowed the governor to override council, thus strengthening the executive power of the governor.
  19. 19Between 1774-84, the centralisation of power within the 3 presidencies gave the Bengali governor what?It gave the Bengali governor pre-eminence over those of the other 2 Company presidencies.
  20. 20By 1820, what did the Company troops number at?200,000, including white regiments and sepoy regiments under European officers.
  21. 21What was a sepoy?Indian soldiers under a European commander.
  22. 22By 1857, out of a total of 277,746 soldiers, how many were European?45,522 were European, meaning that the rest, the majority, were sepoys.
  23. 23How big was the Bengali presidency army in comparison to the other presidency armies?It was twice the size of the other presidency armies.
  24. 24Sepoys of the Bengali army were generally what?Generally high caste, and were recruited from other provinces, particularly Awadh.
  25. 25What's the main principle of Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarianism?'The greatest good for the greatest number.'
  26. 26During the 19th century, the growth in Evangelicalism meant what?The Protestant Church sought the salvation of others through missionary efforts, promoting and enforcing Christianity. This, consequentially, destabilised the social and cultural system.
  27. 27How was the cultural divide heightened by the arrival of British women?Because they were seeking civil or military husbands which meant that racial intermingling, that had been commonplace in the 18th century, became socially taboo.
  28. 28The Book 'White Mughals' stated what regarding the growing taboo of racial intermingling?That, in 1780, 1/3 of Company men left wills making provisions for native spouses/cohabitees and children. But, by 1850,wills of Company men show only a tiny portion had relationships with Indian women.
  29. 29What was thagi?Highway robbery and ritual murder.
  30. 30How many bands of thagi existed?Up to 400.
  31. 31Because thagi only attacked other Indians, Britain believed its suppression was what?An altruistic (selfless) act.
  32. 32As part of Britain's modernisation programme, between what years did Governor Bentinck pass a number of legal acts to outlaw thagi?1836-48.
  33. 33What year did the campaign led by William Sleeman begin, and what had sparked this?1835, it began following the capture of thagi, Feringhea, who confessed and described the practices of a secret network.
  34. 34What did the campaign entail?The capture of thagi, and using their confessions to track down others.
  35. 35What year was the Thugge and Dacoity Department created, and who was the first superintendent?1835, with Sleeman as the first superintendent.
  36. 36How many thagi were transported or hanged, and how many were tried and punished in total?1,000 were transported or hanged, and 3,000 were tried and punished in total.
  37. 37In the 1890s, Sleeman's nephew claimed the campaign had been responsible for up to how many deaths?Up to a million deaths.
  38. 38Although the suppression of thagi didn't seem to be widely resented by Indians, why was it significant for British involvement?Because it encouraged Britain to look towards other 'necessary' campaigns.
  39. 39What was sati?The tradition of self-immolation of Hindu widows at the funeral pyre of their husbands.
  40. 40How many deaths did the British estimate a year in their territories from sati?600 deaths a year.
  41. 41What year did Britain ban the practice of sati in Calcutta?1798.
  42. 42How did the 1813 Charter Acts impact the practice of sati?Wilberforce allowed missionaries to preach against sati and other Hindu practices.
  43. 43After what, in what year, did Ram Mohan Roy, a Hindu religious philosopher and polymath began campaigning against sati?1818, he launched the campaign following the death of his sister-in-law, who was forced to commit sati.
  44. 44In 1829, what did Ram Mohan Roy try to counsel Bentinck against?Against the ban of sati, believing ti was too contentious and, instead, tried to persuade peoples to change their mind.
  45. 45What year was sati abolished?1829. However this law only applied to Company territory. Britain encouraged many princely (native) states to follow. Then, in 1861 sati was completely abolished.
  46. 46High caste Hindus believed British interference was what?An attack on caste purity, with Britain presuming their racial superiority.
  47. 47What is female infanticide?The killing of baby girls due to the difficulty of providing dowries and/or the shame of unmarried daughters.
  48. 48What years did Governor Bentinck pass laws against female infanticide?1795 and 1805.
  49. 49In 1818, what did Baptist missionaries set up?They set up a college to train indigenous ministers.
  50. 50What are the names of 2 Anglican missionary societies?The London Missionary Society and The Church Missionary Society.
  51. 51What's the name of 1 of the Baptist missionary societies?The Baptist Missionary Society.
  52. 52What were these missionaries primarily engaged in?In the education of Indians in their native language and exercising their influence campaigning against practices like sati.
  53. 53Who was Alexander Duff, and what did he do in 1830?He was a Missionary from the Church of Scotland, who promoted teaching English to attract high caste Hindus to Christianity.
  54. 54What did Duff believe the promotion of English would be?Because he believed English would be attracted to high caste Hindus with ambitions for their children's futures and Bible studies would convince them that Christianity was superior. Duff's work was influential in developing Bentinck's educational policies.
  55. 55Why did evangelicals believe that higher education for Hindus should be in English?Because they hoped that a new 'educational' class of Indians would emerge, to interpret ideas into their native language in order to spread Western ideas.
  56. 56Arguably, early missionaries can be credited for sparking what?The Bengal Renaissance, an Indian social reform that grew from the fusion of Western and Indian philosophies.
  57. 57Who played a prominent role in this Renaissance?Ram Mohan Roy, who articulated and adapted the elements he considered best of both West and Indian learning.
  58. 58During the 1830s/40s, despite facing resistance in all of their governed regions, Britain still managing to retain control, how?Because resistance was localised and occurred at different times.
  59. 59What dates was James Andrew Broun Ramsey, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, governor general?1848-56.
  60. 60What did Dalhousie's critics say about his policies?They said his reckless policies led to the end of Company rule in India.
  61. 61Dalhousie assumed British paramountcy, what does this mean?It redefined native rulers as under British authority, and Britain could intervene in native state affairs.
  62. 62The cases for British interference were determined under what?Dalhousie's annexation policy, the doctrine of lapse.
  63. 63What was the 1st case for interference under the doctrine of lapse?The 1st case for interference was the death of a native ruler with no legal heir. Under the doctrine of lapse, the princely line had 'lapsed; and so it was passed to British control. This directly conflicted with Hindu law that allowed the succession of adopted sons.
  64. 64What was the 2nd case for interference under the doctrine of lapse?The misgovernment of state.
  65. 65What was the 3rd case for interference under the doctrine of lapse?The redefinition of a number of a rulers titles or powers as non-hereditary.
  66. 66Regarding the doctrine of lapse, what was a primary cause for the 1857 rebellion that ended Company rule in India.Dalhousie's annexation of Awadh.
  67. 67What date did Britain take Awadh, and it was what number of the annexations to occur under Dalhousie's policy?7th February 1856, it was the 7th annexation to occur under Dalhousie's policy.
  68. 68Determined to reform the state, Britain announced they'd do what with with land from talukdars (Indian landowners)?Land would be taken from all talukdars unable to prove a legal title to their estate.
  69. 69Why was this deeply destabilising?Because many of the talukdars owned a large number of servants, so the British attack on the established social order was deeply destabilising. It was therefore largely resented.
  70. 70Awadh was what, regarding the Company army?Awadh was the traditional recruiting ground for the Bengali army.
  71. 71In 1857, Awadh saw widely spread participation in what?In the uprising against the British.
  72. 72Rumours spread amongst sepoys about what?Cartridges lubricated with animal fat were going to be issues, putting Hindus and Muslims at risk of defilement.
  73. 73Sepoys felt this meant what, and what was the reaction to this?They felt it proved Britain's plan for the Christianisation of India sparking the resentment of missionaries, the choice of English as the official language, the attacks on religious practices and the disturbance of rural landownership in Awadh.
  74. 74Why was the Bengali army already in a state of unrest?In 1856, the General Service Enlistment Act, which broke the tradition that the soldiers of the Bengali army only served where they could march because travelling over water would pollute their caste status. It only applied to new recruits but sepoys feared they'd be forced to serve abroad.
  75. 75On 9th May 1857, how many sepoys were court martialled, and why?85 were court martialled for refusing to load new rifles in Meerut. All 3 sepoy regiments revolted.
  76. 76On 11th May 1857, Bahadur Shah II, the last of the Mughal dynasty, was 'restored' to his imperial positions in Delhi. What affect did this have on the mutiny?If he'd been young and ambitious, he'd have posed a threat to Britain by attempting to rally the ancient Mughal heartlands in his support. But, the initial blow struck by Meerut sepoys stagnated in Delhi and he and his sons didn't emerge as national leaders against Britain.
  77. 77In Cawnpore, Sir Hugh Wheeler hadn't been careful enough in his preparation, and Britain only held out there for how many days?18 days.
  78. 78What date did Britain surrender at Cawnpore, and what happened as a result of this?27th June 1857 they surrendered and they were promised safe conduct on boats to Allahabad. During the transfer, fighting broke out and killed 400. The remaining British - 200, mostly women and children - were captured, possibly held as hostages and massacred.
  79. 79What date were the remaining 200 British people massacred?15th July 1857, 1 day before relief arrived.
  80. 80What did Lucknow become?A symbol for British resistance.
  81. 81The Governor, Sir Henry Lawrence, accurately read the situation and did what?At the end of May 1957, shepherded his Europeans into the fortified residency of Lucknow.
  82. 82How many months did Lucknow have enough food and supplies to hold out against attack?5 months.
  83. 83What date did the siege of Lucknow commence?The end of June 1857.
  84. 84What date did Lawrence die?4th July 1857.
  85. 85What date did the first relief reach Lucknow, and what were the details of this?25th September 1857 it arrived, 87 days after the siege began. The forces were numbering over 3,000, including 6 British infantry battalions and 1 Sikh battalion.
  86. 86Why couldn't Lucknow be immediately evacuated?Due to the casualties that the relief effort had sustained.
  87. 87But, the decision to remain in the residency rather than to fight their way out was influenced by what?The discovery of buried stores, which were sufficient to sustain the inhabitants for another 2 months.
  88. 88Between what dates did the second relief effort arrives who was it led by, and what did they do?15th-17th November 1857, led by Sir Colin Campbell, and they fought their way into the residency.
  89. 89How many Victoria Crosses were awarded for the actions on the 16th November 1857?24 were awarded, the most awarded for a single day.
  90. 90Why did Britain retain control, regarding the solidarity,or the lack of it, of the rebels?Because the rebels weren't a cohesive force - mutineers included aggrieved talukdars in Awadh and peasants expressing resentment against land and tax policies, and local leaders.
  91. 91Why did Britain retain control, regarding the different centres of resistance?The revolts in Delhi, Lucknow and Cawnpore all had their own centre of resistance, converged around rebel leaders, so once Britain had regrouped, they simply had to eliminate one centre of resistance after another.
  92. 92Who remained loyal to the British?The other 2 presidency armies.
  93. 93Give 2 examples to demonstrate the sepoys that remained loyal to the British.Even in Lucknow, the centre of aggrieved Awadh, around half of the 7,000 soldiers who sought refuge were Indian soldiers and camp followers.
    And when Delhi was retaken by Britain, 82% of the soldiers killed in action were native sepoys.
  94. 94The British fighting forces included Gurkhas, who were they?A formidable fighting force, who were highly trained and had Crimean experience.
  95. 95During the march to relive Cawnpore, what did the British do?They acted brutally, killing 6,000.
  96. 96In Cawnpore, what was a punishment for mutineers?They were forced to lick clean blood-stained buildings, eat pork or beef, and were then publicly hanged.
  97. 97In Peshawar, what was the punishment for 40 men?They were strapped to cannon barrels and blown apart - an old Mughal punishment for mutiny.
  98. 98What did the British do in Delhi, when retaking the city?They committed terrible slaughter, and Bahadur Shah II's 3 sons were arrested, stripped and shot.
  99. 99What date was the Government of India Act passed, and what did this do?2nd August 1858, it ended Company rule in India and, instead, it would be ruled directly by Britain, by a viceroy (a ruler on behalf of the sovereign) who was accountable to parliament, and allowed an Indian council and a secretary of state for India.
  100. 100A royal proclamation was issued in India, setting out the future rights of Her Majesty's new subjects - what are the details of this?It had a conciliatory tones, promised religious toleration, equal protection under the law and to protect the rights of native princes' land.
  101. 101The princely states were brought under indirect control by treaties, leaving indigenous rulers in no doubt that what?That their privileged existence was preserved by Britain's dominance and shouldn't be challenged.
  102. 102What happened to Bahadur Shah II?He was exiled to Berma, effectively ending the Mughal dynasty.
  103. 103The annexation of territory ceased, so what happened, and why was this successful?Annexation ceased, so princes could stay in control of their states as long as they cooperate with the British. This was successful as 560 autonomous states remained loyal to the British Raj.
  104. 104In 1858, the London Missionary Society planned to do what?Send 20 more missionaries over the next 2 years, costing £5,000 for the passage and £6,000 for the maintenance.
  105. 105Why was there growing prejudice and racism?For the 2,000 white men governing 200-300 million, the mutiny meant withdrawing into a tight enclave, therefore resisting growing Indian nationalism.
  106. 106The proportion of Indian sepoys in the army was reduced by what percent, and British troops were increased by what percent? Consequentially, what was the ratio of sepoys to British soldiers?The proportion of Indian sepoys was reduced by 40% and British troops were increased by 50%. So, the ration was 3:1 rather than 9:1, as it had been previously.
  107. 107From 1858 onwards, which areas were sepoys recruited from?Recruitment switched from Brahmin and Rajput Hindu castes -which had formed the backbone of the Bengal army and had largely contributed to the events in Awadh - and the areas for the recruitment of sepoys was changed to areas deemed more loyal to Britain.
  108. 108What did army policy and planning ensure to prevent the spread of mutiny?It ensured adjacent regiments were of different ethnic/religious backgrounds.
  109. 109And troops were allowed to use what?Whatever grease they preferred to load their rifles.
  110. 110British imperialists were now more pragmatic and cautious, how did their attitude towards India change?They were now determined to hold India as a source of wealth and strategic value, rather than pursuing the 'education' of Indians, so they focused on infrastructure - a far less controversial development.
  111. 111With reference to Britain's infrastructure developments, by 1861, how many miles of rail track was opened?1,588 miles of rail track was opened.

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A level History (Britain ) FlashCards sobre India , criado por Lauren Le Prevost em 23-05-2017.
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