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Flashcards

Third Crusade, 1189-1192

Abi Doyle History AS - Level Inglês 39 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (39)

  1. 1Why was the 3rd Crusade called? Who called it and what was the name of the Papal Bull?It was a response to the destruction of the crusader army at Hattin in 1187 (which included the Military Orders), leaving Outremer's cities and castles defenceless. Following this, Jerusalem had been captured by Saladin.
    It was called by Gregory VIII, his bull was called Audita Tremendi.
  2. 2After Jerusalem fell, what happened to the inhabitants?Saladin requested 30,000 Bezants from them to guarantee their safe departure from the city.
  3. 3Who were the leaders of the 3rd Crusade? There are 3.Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
    Richard (the Lionheart) of England
    Philip of France
  4. 4How many men and Knights did Barbarossa have to give to the crusade?15,000 men and 3,000 knights.
  5. 5How many Troops did Richard have to contribute to the crusade after his invasion of Sicily in 1191?17,000
  6. 6How many mounted knights did Philip have to give to the crusade?2,000
  7. 7Why did the Germans have difficulty crossing the Byzantine Empire on their way to Asia Minor?Because its leader, Isaac, had made a truce with Saladin.
  8. 8The Previous issues were overcome with a military campaign. Once in Asia Minor, Barbarossa crossed a river and drowned. When was this?(10th) July 1190.
  9. 9What was the result of this?Many Germans went home while others carried on.
  10. 10When did the remaining German troops arrive in Antioch? Why were they effectively useless?1190.
    Because they were weakened and demoralised by the journey and the death of their leader.
  11. 11In what year did Richard and Philip meet at Noncourt? And what year did they meet at Vezelay? What were the purpose of these meetings?Noncourt: 1189
    Vezelay: 1190
    These meetings were to confirm their commitment to the 3rd Crusade and to agree to work together on their mission to the Holy Land.
  12. 12There were political issues between the two leaders. Give one and explain why it could cause trouble.Richard had agreed to get engaged to Philip's sister, Alice, but he wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre. He hid this from Philip until he knew Philip had taken the Crusader vow. When Philip found out, Richard paid him money to end his commitment.
  13. 13There was another political issue between Philip and Richard concerning the Holy Land. What was this?The succession crisis in Jerusalem. Richard supported Guy of Lusignan as king of Jerusalem (because he was Richard's feudatory and Guy's wife, Sybil, was Richard's cousin). Philip supported Conrad of Montferrat's claim to Jerusalem (they were cousins. Conrad held a garrison at Tyre)
  14. 14Philip decided to abandon the crusade in what year and why?He returned to France in 1191 because he was worried about his territories back in Europe.
  15. 15Richard made several stops before reaching the Holy Land. There were two places he went to. Where were these locations?Messina in Sicily and Cyprus.
  16. 16When did Richard arrive in Messina?(22nd) September 1190.
  17. 17Why was he there? Why were there problems and how did Richard solve them?To collect his sister's dowry from Tancred of Leece to fund for the crusade.
    Tancred refused to pay so Richard attacked the city. By October 1190 it surrendered.
  18. 18Why was this significant to the crusade?Because Richard now had 17,000 troops and 40,000 gold ounces for funding.
  19. 19When did Richard leave Sicily and what happened to 25 of his ships? Three of these ships ended up where?April 1191.
    The 25 ships went missing and 3 of them were beached at Cyprus.
  20. 20What happened to the crews of the 3 ships? What was Richard's response?Isaac Comnenos (Cyprus' ruler) imprisoned them and so Richard decided to invade the Island.
  21. 21When did Isaac surrender? What did Richard do with Cyprus and why was this clever?He surrendered in June 1191. Richard sold the island to the knights Templar which gave the Christians control of the Eastern coast.
  22. 22When did the Siege of Acre begin? And under who?August 1189 under Guy (of Lusignan), King of Jerusalem.
  23. 23When did Philip arrive at Acre to help with the lengthy siege? What did he contribute to the siege?April 1191.
    He provided 6 supply ships and he began building siege weapons.
  24. 24When did Richard arrive at Acre? And what did he have to contribute to the siege?June 1191.
    25 ships and he also began to build siege weapons.
  25. 25When did the Muslim garrison at Acre surrender?July 1191.
  26. 26There were disputes after the siege of Acre over the Kingship of Jerusalem again. How long did it last and what was decided?It lasted for 1 month and it was decided that Guy would be the King and Conrad of Montferrat would succeed him.
  27. 27When did Richard begin his advance towards Jaffa? How did he organise his troops?August 1191.
    He had his knights arranged into 3 dividions and 3 columns. On the left was infantry, and protected on the right was the baggage train.
  28. 28Richard monitored his troops carefully on the way to Jaffa. Give two examples of the flexibility of his leadership during this time.He allowed infantry exposed to Turk attacks to alternate, giving them rest and keeping morale constant.
    Also formation was always reformed when broken.
  29. 29When was the Battle of Arsuf?7th September 1191.
  30. 30Run through the events of the battle. Think about the Knights Hospitaller's actions and Richard's leadership.Hospitallers in the rearguard charged too early at Saladin's army so Richard immediately launched a full-scale attack to support them. Once progress was made, he reformed his troops before Saladin's counter-attack was launched. Eventually, Saladin's troops were defeated and Richard took Jaffa.
  31. 31Richard began the first march to Jerusalem when?October 1191.
  32. 32Why and when did Richard abandon the first march? Where did he head for instead?In January 1192 Richard was advised by the local Military Orders that he would be unable to take Jerusalem from Saladin because Saladin would only retake it.
    He headed for the abandoned (and demolished) city of Ascalon.
  33. 33Why was the re fortification of Ascalon postponed in May 1192?Because there were more disputes of the Kingship of Jerusalem. Conrad was supported by local French lords which meant that, for civil war to be avoided, Richard switched his support from Guy to Conrad too. Richard gave Guy Cyprus to prevent conflict.
  34. 34What happened in April 1192?Conrad was assassinated and replaced with Henry of Champagne, a relation of Richard AND Philip, meaning that the crusade could now continue.
  35. 35Some cities were taken by the Latins but by June 1192 Richard suggested something else. What was this and why were there problems?To launch a campaign on Egypt but the French troops refused.
  36. 36Ultimately afters this, Richard decided to abandon the crusade as Philip had done. Why was this?He was anxious about his land back in Europe (because Philip had returned home) and he knew that he could not hold Jerusalem with such disunity among the crusaders and the government in Outremer.
  37. 37When did he withdraw?In July 1192.
  38. 38Before he left, however, what did Saladin do in July 1192? And how was this solved?He tried to take back Jaffa but failed so a truce between Richard and Saladin was made.
  39. 39What were the terms of the Truce of Jaffa?The Christians would keep control of territory from Tyre to Jaffa. Ascalon would remain Muslim territory, as would Jerusalem (with the exception that Christian pilgrims could visit the city).

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Descrição
AS - Level History (The Crusades) FlashCards sobre Third Crusade, 1189-1192, criado por Abi Doyle em 03-06-2017.
Criado por
Abi Doyle · jun 2017
Atualizado
3 jun 2017
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