Memory

Memory

1. Atkinson-Shiffrin three stages model of memory

   • The proposition of Atkinson R. and Shiffrin R. that we form memories in a three staged process. Their's been a change to the second stage of forming memories calling it; the working memory. Suggesting that we form memorie on conscious and unconsciously.
   • Sensory Memory
     • Sensory memory is how you briefly capture sights, noises smells, images and physical feelings immediately in your brains memory storage. For example George Sperling conducted an experiment flashing a group of words similar to and eye exam except with the same size scale for one-twentieth of a second. His test subject could recall one row of the sensory memories they just captured with near perfect accuracy but then lost the memory after their visual fields acknowledged information apart from the letters.
     • Working / short-term memory
       • Your working/short-term memory is an on-going process of visual and auditory information, that focuses our conscious and attention toward specific memories. Our working memory has a capacity of about 5-9 numbers or words depending on age but regardless it's more efficient if your simply focusing on one task at a time.
       • Encoding/retrieving memory
         • Encoding is how you deliver information either into your working memory from your sensory memory, or your long-term memory. /  Retrieving is how you pull information from your memory storage to use it in your working memory.
         • Long-term memory
           • Long-term memory is where you've built knowledge, experiences and skills. Built upon personal connections you have with these memories. Long-term memory is reasonably permanent and limitless.

2. Two-track memory system

   • One track (implicit memory) automatically stores aways common details like how to ride a bike or how many times you've seen someone in a day. The second track trys to consciously remember with effortful processing for example, picturing someones face and repeating their name so you can store it in your memory bank.
   • Explicit memories
     • Also know as declarative memories, explicit memories are encoded through conscious and effortful thought processing.  Repeating memories, and continuously practicing them over time  in order for them to stick. Pacing myself for a test reading and quizing myself once or twice a night would be an example.
     • Effortful processing
       • Effortful processing requires you to try hard to learn something like making a jump shot in basketball. You try to do it again and again until you make learn how to make the shot, then you make the shot so often it becomes automatic. That's how people become professionals, by getting extremely good at their craft, but their are also different forms of this type of processing
       • Chunking information
         • When we chunk information we place it into familiar groups of manageable memories automatically. Such as letters, words and phrases to help us remember them simply.
       • mnemonics
         • Mnemonics is a system of pegwords or acronyms to help you remember. Manipulating your brain to form an easier connection with a deeper more complex meaning.
     • The hippocampus and the frontal lobes
       • Newly processed memories like a phone number or someone introducing their name are temporarily stored via the hippocampus. Then through memory consolidation the hippocampus shifts the information into storage. Memory consolidation supports a long-term memory by getting a good nights rest. The frontal lobes store different types of working memory information, using your left frontal lobe would activate a logical neuro pathway like thinking of something in text as for the right frontal lobe brings a more distinct visual image in the working memory.
   • Implicit memories
     • Implicit memories sneak into your memory storage without awareness. (Also known as non-declarative memories.) They form through automatic processing , while being unaware of it's encoding.
     • Automatic processing
       • Automatic processing when you make unconscious associations without ever experiencing them before through other experiences. I went for  wisdom teeth surgery on the 26th of september 2014 and I've never had it before, but I've been asking people how it went, and my automatic association of their pain made my hands get palmy as soon as i entered the waiting room.
     • The cerebellum and basal ganglia
       • The cerebellum plays a vital role in forming and storing memories created by conditioning. To form implicit memories you need the cerebellum. The basal ganglia is in the deep structures of the brain, taking part in motor movement, like doing an action that involves a repetition of other actions, such as looking at a screen while controlling the video game through a game controller without watching the controller.

3. Retaining information

   • Memories require brain networks, to connect ideas and store them using things we can relate to, like how it made you feel, how it changed your perspective or how significantly important we need to remember.
   • The amygdala
     • The amygdala is a two lymbic system, emotion-processor to boost brain memory forming activity under stress unconsciously. Glucose energy being produced at higher rates causes stress to inform the brain that an important event occured. Another reason why you remember horrific and pace changing events is because memories of what happened will return again and again making it persistent. Thus allowing us to be more aware once a similar situation occurs, and we'd prefer to avoid it.

4. Synaptic changes

   • Synaptic changes are changes in the synapses (communication site) where neurons communicate with each other through chemical reactions. drugs that enhance LTP or block LTP (Long-term-potentiation) are used on rats as test subjects to either increase maze running times or reduce the time it takes for learning. after Long-term potentiation in itself occurs your old memories will not get erased.

5. measuring retention

6. Retrieval cues

7. Forgetting and two track mind

8. encoding failure

   • Storage decay
   • retrieval failure

9. misinformation and imagination effects

   • source amnesia
   • Recognizing false memories
   • childrens eyewitness
   • repressed or constructed child memories