MEMORY

MEMORY

1. Encoding: transforming perceptions into memories

   • Semantic
     • semantic judgements
     • rhyme judgements
     • visual judgements
     • Semantic Encoding
       • Process of relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge already stored in memory
         • Increased activity in lower left part of frontal lobe
           • increased activity in inner part of left temporal lobe
   • Visual Imagery
     • Visual Imagery Encoding
       • Process of storing new info by converting it into mental pics
         • Activates processing regions in occipital lobe
   • Organizational
     • categorizing info according to relationships among series of items
       • Upper surface of left frontal lobe
   • Survival-Related info
     • elements of semantic, visual, and organizational

2. Storage: maintaining memories over time

   • Sensory Storage
     • Echoic Memory
       • fast-decaying store of auditory info
     • Iconic Memory
       • fast-decaying store of visual info
     • Sensory memory
       • holds sensory info for a few seconds
   • Short-Term storage & Working Memory
     • Short-Term Memory
       • Rehearsal
         • Chunking
           • Working Memory
             • active maintenance of info in short-term storage
           • combines small pieces of info into larger clusters more easily held in short term memory
         • process of keeping info in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
       • nonsensory info for less than 1 minute
   • Long-Term storage
     • Long-Term Memory
       • holds info for days, hours, weeks, years
     • Hippocampus
       • anterograde amnesia
       • retrograde amnesia
     • Memory Consolidation
   • Memories, Neurons, Synapses
     • Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
       • communication across synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

3. Retrieval: Bringing memories to mind

   • Clues
     • Retrieval Cue
       • Encoding Specificity Principle
         • State-dependent Retrieval
   • Consequences
     • Can improve subsequent memory
       • Can Impair subsequent memory
         • Can change subsequent memory
         • Retrieval-induced Forgetting
   • Separating components

4. Multiple forms of memory: How the past returns

   • Explicit- conscious retrieval
     • Implicit- subconscious effect of past experiences
   • Semantic and Episodic Memory
     • Semantic- network of associated facts & concepts that make up our general knowledge
       • Episodic- collection of past experiences that occurred at particular time/place
     • Social Influences

5. Memory Failures; the 7 sins

   • 1. Transience- forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
     • retroactive inference
       • proactive inference
   • 2. Absentmindedness- lapse in attention that results in memory failure
     • Prospective memory
   • 3. Blocking-failure to retrieve information available in memory
   • 4. Memory Misattribution- assigning recollection or an idea to the wrong source
     • Source Memory
       • False Recognition
   • 5. Suggestability- tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections
   • 6. Bias- distorting of influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
   • 7. Persistance-intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
     • Flashbulb memories

6. ability to store and retrieve info over time