LTM

LTM

1. Declarative/Explicit/Conscious Memory: consciously retrieved memories that can be easily verbalized, includes:

   • Semantic memories: general knowledge (meanings and facts)
     • organization: categories
       • Source: others
         • purpose: objective view of the world
   • Episodic memories: personal experience
     • timeline
       • single, personal experience
         • reference point for subjective experience of self
   • both often overlap, interact dynamically to provide complete pic of past
     • episodic memory of how semantic memory is formed
     • Semantic knowledge can be dependent on our personal experience
     • semantic knowledge to interpret episodic memories
     • Autobiographical memories: semantic or episodic memories with reference to self
       • factual, semantic memories about personal experience can be formed without episodic memories
       • approach
         • personal vantage point(newer)
         • observer point of view(older memories)
       • store unintentionally and effortlessly
         • organize experience in a way that help us respond to respond to current challenges
         • sense of continuity or consistency of self

2. Nondeclarative/Implicit/Unconscious Memory: Unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that are hard to verbalize includes:

   • affect behavior in subconscious way - we do not know we have used a memory
   • procedural memory: implicit of how to carry out skilled movement
     • Advantage
       • automate peformance
         • direct limited capacities for divided attention to other aspects
     • learned incorrectly, take a lot of conscious effort to correct, slow down performance
   • Classical conditioning: when stimulus signal important upcoming event
     • Account for involuntary, unconscious movement and emotions
       • hard to explain why we are scared of sth
   • priming: change in our response to stimulus due to pre-exposure to related stimuli
     • conceptually-related stimuli
       • Lexical decision task - bread and butter or bread and nurse
     • perceptually-related stimuli
       • previous exposure to possible but not impossible figure show priming effect

3. brain

   • Hippocampus
     • consolidation of information into LTM
       • circuits connecting hippocampus and temporal lobe memory regions with cortex
     • Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories
       • naming tools: movement and action, frontal lobe and parietal lobe
   • cerebral cortex
     • semantic
       • widely distributed across cerebral cortex
         • naming animals: visualizing, occipital lobe
     • episodic
       • source amnesia: semantic memory retain, cannot remember the source of info
     • autobiographical
       • most widely distributed
         • perceptual, factual, emotional details
         • prefrontal areas associated with episodic memory
         • cortex associated with perception and movement
   • Basal Ganglia
     • motor systems
       • degeneration hunington and parkinson's disease
       • great difficulty in learning new procedures