Joints

Joints

1. Immobile \ limited mobility

   • Fibrous joints
     • articular surfaces are connected by strong fibrous tissue
       • sutures of the skull
       • Gomphosis
       • syndesmosis
   • cartilaginous joints
     • bones are connected by cartilages
       • primary
         • contain hyaline cartilage
           • in the epiphyseal plate
           • b\w 1st rib and sternum
       • secondary
         • contain disc of dense white fibrous cartilage
           • present in the midline of body

2. Freely mobile

   • Synovial joint
     • structure
       • the whole cavity is covered by a fibrous capsule , articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and the rest of the capsule is synovial membrane which produces lubricating synovial fluid
     • types
       • ball & socket
         • shoulder joint
       • plane
         • Acromioclavicular
       • Hinge
         • elbow
       • pivot
         • neck
       • ellipsoid
         • wrist
       • condyloide
         • knee joint
       • saddle
         • joint of the thumb
     • commonly present in the body
       • in the shoulder region
         • Normal Anatomy
           • Bones
             • Scapula
             • Clavicle
             • proximal part of Humerus
             • fractures
           • Muscles
             • b\w UL and thoracic wall
               • Pectoralis major
               • Pectoralis minor
               • Serratus anterior
               • Subclavius
             • b\w the UL and the vertebral column
               • Trapezius
               • Latissimus dorsi
               • Levator scapulae
               • Rhomboid minor
               • Rhomboid major
             • b\w Scapula and Humerus
               • Rotator cuff
                 • Supraspinatus
                 • Infraspinatus
                 • Teres minor
                 • Subscapularis
                 • Impingment Syndrome
                   • causes
                     • overuse
                       • specially by athletes like swimmers
                   • signs & Synptoms
                     • difficulty reaching up behind the back, pain with overhead use of the arm and weakness of shoulder muscles.
                   • management
                     • Oral anti-inflammatory medications -- such as aspirin, naproxen, or ibuprofen. The medicines are usually given for six to eight weeks since it often takes that long to fully treat the problem.
                   • Diagnosis
                     • physical examination
                     • investigations
                       • X-ray
               • Deltoid
               • Teres major
             • innervated by branches from
             • Strains
             • tears and ruptures
           • Nerves
             • Brachial plexus
             • wrist drop
             • Erb's paralysis
             • Klumpke's paralysis
           • Blood Vessels
             • axillary artery
         • pathological conditions
           • affecting

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