Child Development

Child Development

1. Weaning

   • Stage 1-6 months
     • Give pureed veg/fruit, baby rice, milk=most important food still.
       • When
         • A very tiny amount during or after a milk feed to start the transition of milk to solids
       • NOT
         • Cow's milk, citrus fruit, wheat, spices, spinach, eggs, nuts, salt, sugar, fat
   • Stage 2 7-9 months
     • Increase variety, pureed meat, fish, lentils, beans, wheat based foods.
       • When
         • At the end of a milk feed to introduce other foods when the child is hungry
       • NOT
         • Cow's milk (small quantitities only), chillies, egg whites, nuts, salt,sugar, fat
   • Stage 3 9-12 months
     • Cow's milk safely drank (12m), introduce lumpier foods eg pasta, pieces of meat, cheese, bread. Additional fluids eg unsweetened dilluted fruit juics & water. 3 regular meals as well as drinks.
       • When
         • At established mealtimes to encourage full independence
       • NOT
         • Whole nuts, salt, sugar, fatty food
   • Methods
     • Sieving, mashing, hand blender

2. Diet during Pregnancy

   • Soft blue cheese, pate, prepared salads, ready-meals
     • Why?
       • Listeria found in prepared foods which aren't heated enough, Listeriosis (from listeria) can cause msscarriage, stillbirth, meningitis, pneumonia
   • Raw egg, unpasteurised milk
     • Why?
       • Salmonella could cause miscarriage, premature birth
   • Some types of fish eg. shark swordfish
     • Why?
       • High levels of mercury- cause delayed development in nervous system
   • Unwashed raw fruit, raw meat, unpasteuruised goat's milk
     • Why?
       • Toxoplasmosis can cause (for baby) eye damage, hydrocephalus, stillbirth, miscarriage
   • Liver and liver products
     • Why?
       • Too mucuh vitamin A-cause birth defects
   • Peanuts
     • Why
       • May reduce baby's chances of developing a peanut allergy
   • Foods to eat
     • Lean meat fish etc, atarch foods, citrus fruits (vitamin c), fruits & veg (fibre, vitamins, minerals, dairy products, fish with edible bones eg sardines (vital for making bones and teeth), margarine (vitamin D), taking fat-soluble vitamins, folic acid (vitB)-especially first 12 weeks

3. Stages of Labour

   • Stage 1
     • Contractions make your cervix gradually open up (dilate)- longest stage
   • Stage 2
     • Contractions more frequent & stronger, cervix is fully open & you begin crowning then full birth. Part of labour where you help baby move through vagina by pushing during contractions
   • Stage 3
     • After birth, womb contracts & causes placenta to come out through the vagina

4. Medical Proffesionals

   • Midwife
     • Registered nurse who has further training in care of women in labour. Work in hospitals clinics etc. deliver most babies in UK
   • Obstetrician
     • Doctors who've specialised in care of pregnant women & child birth. Most work in hospital maternity units caring for women who have complications in pregnancy/ need c-section/forceps
   • General Practitioner (GP)
     • Doctor taken further training in general practice
   • Gynaecologist
     • Doctor specialised in female reproductive system
   • Paediatrician
     • Doctor specialised in care of children <16, attend difficult births incase resuscitation
   • Health Visitor
     • Qualified nurse further training for care of people in community incl midwifery experience

5. Causes of infertility

   • Low sperm count
   • Your Hormones
   • Genetics
   • Mutation/Blockage of fallopian tubes
   • Disease eg.Polycystic ovary syndrome, Endometriosis
   • What can help fertility?
     • Avoid STD/Is (take precaustions etc)
     • Excercise
     • Avoid stress
     • No drugs/ small amnt alcohol
     • Healthy balanced diet
     • Don't smoke
     • Lose trousers
     • Keep testes cool
     • Avoid being over/under weight

6. Stages of growth for a baby

   • 4-5 weeks
     • embryo=5mm, rudimentary heart started to beat, arms & legs=buds
   • 6-7 weeks
     • Embryo=8mm, limb buds=look real, heart seen beating on ultrasound
   • 8-9 weeks
     • unborn baby=foetus=2cm. Toes, fingers & major internal organs starting to form,
   • 10-14 weeks
     • foetus=7cm, organs complete. By 12 weeks baby=fully formed
   • 15-22 weeks
     • Mother feels movement. 22w=greasy, white protective film called VERNIX CASEOSA has begun to form. Foetus covered in fine, downy hair=LANUGO
   • 23-30 weeks
     • Covered in vernix, lanugo=dissapeared. 28w+ foetus=viable (good chance of survival if born)
   • 31-40 weeks
     • Becomes plumper, vernix & lanugo dissapear. Foetus= settles in head-down position

7. Reproductive organs

   • Ovaries
     • Controll production of oestrogen & progesterone which control menstural cycle, contain undreds of eggs
   • Fallopian tube
     • Connet ovaries to womb, lined with cilla-wafts egg along to uterus
   • Uterus
     • (womb) muscular bag w/soft lining, where baby develops
   • Cervix
     • Strong ring of muscle between lower end of uterus & vagina, keeps baby in place
   • Vagina
     • Muscular tube leads from cervix to outside
   • Testes
     • 2, make male hormone testosterone and produces sperm
   • Scrotum
     • Bag of skin which stores testes
   • Sperm duct
     • Where sperm passes through to mix with fluids that are produced by glands, fluid provides sperm cells w/nutrients. Mix of sperm & fluids=semen
   • Urethra
     • Tube inside penis that carries urine & semen, there's a ring of muscle that ensures the urine & semen don't mix
   • Penis
     • Pass urine & pass semen. Made of shaft & glans, shaft=main part, glans=tip at end=small slit to release urnine/semen

8. Alternative conception

   • IVF
     • Woman's eggs collected and fertilised with partner's sperm in a lab, healthiest ones put back in womb
   • GIFT (gamete intra-fallopian transfer)
     • Similar to IVF, eggs & sperm collected and screened for healthiest. Then e&s mixed together and implanted back into fallopian tube for natural fertilisation.
   • ICSI (intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)
     • Used in combination with IVF, injecting a single sperm into the centre of an egg. After fertilisatuion up to 3 embryos are replaced in uterus. ICSI oftern recommended to low sperm count.
   • IVM (In vito maturation)
     • Eggs are matured in lab berfore being fertilised by sperm. Difference between IVM & IVF= eggs are immature when they are cikkected=woman does not need to take many drugs before the eggs can be collected
   • Surrogacy
     • Another woman carries baby. Partial surrogacy: surrogate mother conceives baby using her own egg with other father's sperm. (artificial insemination-syringe), Full surrogacy: Surrogate mother carries intended parents' ngenetic child concieved through IVF

9. Parts of growth for an embryo

   • Ectopic pregnancy=mistakes happen in ovum & implantation occurs in wrong place-not sustainable
   • Placenta=provides foetus with oxygen and nourishment
   • Umbilical chord= removes foetal waste also a barrier to certain microorganisms
   • Amniotic sac=filed with amniotic fluid provides protective cushion for foetus

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