Memory

Memory

1. Memory in everyday life

   • EWT
     • Factors that affect EWT
       • Misleading Information
         • Loftus and Palmer. 45 students, road accident clip. hit,smashed,collided,bumped,contacted. Broken glass
       • Age
         • Gordon- accurate easily lead Flin et al- one day and five months. Must be interviewed quickly
       • Anxiety
         • Loftus- Weapon Focus Pen man, knife man. Argument. 50 photos. 49%- pen man. 33%- Knife man
     • Improving EWT
       • The Cognitive Interview
         • Holliday- Children's party. Next day. CI gave most accurate accounts. Bekerian & Dennett- 27 students. CI more accurate than standard. Geiselman & Fisher- accurate soon after but less affective over time
         • Report everything
           • Report every little detail even if they seem insignificant at the time
         • Different Perspective
           • Think about the senario from another person's point of view eg the victim
         • Reinstate and context
           • How did you feel at the time? Weather? Noise level
         • Change the order
           • Start from the middle or end

2. Models of memory

   • Multi-Store Model
     • Encouraged further memory research No longer considered adequate Too simplistic
     • Sensory Memory
       • Stores Information in the form it is received. Duration of up to two seconds.
       • Echoic
       • Iconic
       • Haptic
     • Short-term memory
       • Acoustic encoding
       • 7 +/- 2 Capacity
         • Jacobs- string of number/letter, number increased each time. Most could recall 9.  Useful application Lacks ecological validity- artifical Miller
       • 18 second duration
         • Peterson and Peterson- 24 participants, recall trigrams, count back in threes. Recall time goes up by three seconds each time. After 3- 80% after 18- 10%
     • Long-term memory
       • Infinite Capacity
         • Marigold Linton- one word, seven year, 70% accurate
       • 75+ Years duration
         • Bahrick- Yearbook study. 392 participants. 34 years- 90% accuracy.  48 years- 80% accuracy. 
       • Semantic encoding
         • Baddley- 10 words, 20 minutes, semantically similar words were least well remembered. 
   • Working Memory Model
     • Central Executive
       • Modality free. Directs Info. Has a limited capacity
     • Phonological Loop
       • Articulatory Control system
         • Inner voice. Rehearses verbal information. Without the repetiton memory fails
       • Phonological Store
         • Inner ear. Stores what we hear. Recieves input from ears and long-term memory
     • Visuospatial Sketchpad
       • inner eye. Limited capacity. Used to visualise images in our head.

3. Strategies for memory improvment

   • Categories
   • Loci
   • The use of cues
     • Context
       • Baddley and Godden- Land and water
     • State
       • Goodwin- drunk