Memory

Memory

1. Many memory systems

   • Unless unconscious

2. ENCODING

3. STORAGE

4. RETRIEVAL

5. Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store model

   • SENSORY MEMORY
     • Iconic
       • 0.2-0.4 seconds
         • identification
         • >0.2 image is fragmented
         • >0.4 lots of overlap
       • unliminted
     • ALL incoming information
     • Information is held in ORGINAL FORM
     • Echoic
       • 3-4 seconds
         • >3 fragmented sound
         • >4 jumbled sounds
       • unlimited
     • Continuous
     • Concentrate on stimuli to be put in STM
       • or not
         • usually not aware
     • PAY ATTENTION
     • DON'T PAY ATTENTION
       • GONE
   • SHORT TERM MEMORY
     • ENCODE
     • DECAY
       • not used/rehearsed
     • DISPLACMENT
       • old info replaced
     • Information in PHYSICAL FORM
       • Consciously aware
     • 5-9 bits of info
     • 12-20 seconds
       • up to 30 secs
   • LONG TERM MEMORY
     • RETRIEVE
       • poor organisation during Encoding and Storage
       • failure to use appropriate Retrieval cues
     • Unlimited
     • Virtually permanent
     • Information in SEMANTIC FORM
     • PROCEDURAL
     • DECLARATIVE
       • Episodic
       • Semantic
     • SEMANTIC NETWORK THEORY
       • hierachy
       • nodes
       • meaningful links
       • eg. Nervous system
       • short links
         • stronger association
         • less activation time
     • CRAIK & LOCKHART'S: LEVEL OF PROCESSING
       • SHALLOW PROCESSING
         • visual
         • acoustic
       • DEEP PROCESSING
         • semantic

6. CHUNKING

   • Enhances capacity

7. REHEARSAL

   • Enhances duration
   • Maintenance rehearsal
     • repetition
   • Elaborative rehearsal
     • meaningful links

8. CONSOLIDATION THEORY

   • physical changes to brain's neurons; creates a physical memory trace
   • process takes 30 uninterrupted time
   • then forms a long term memory
   • Predictions
     • forgetting is reduced when sleeping/resting
     • when long interruption is withheld, info will more likely be remembered
     • disruption:material can never be recalled, no physical memory trace

9. SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

   • IMMEDIATE:BEFORE 30 SECS
   • Primacy effect
     • start
     • LTM
       • attention/rehearsal
   • Recency effect
     • STM
     • end
   • when memorising list

10. BRADDLEY & HITCH'S MODEL OF WORKING MEMORY

    • STORAGE
      • Visuospatial sketchpad
      • Phonological loop
    • FUNCTIONAL
      • Central executive
        • direct attention
        • manipulate info
      • Episodic buffer
        • does what C.E says
          • encodes
          • retrieves
        • LTM
    • instead of STM