Memory

Memory

1. How memory works

   • 1. Encoding
     • Unconscious encoding
       • automatic processing
         • space, time, frequency, well-learned info
     • Effortful Processing
       • Produces durable and accessible memories
         • boost memory by rehearsal
       • 1. phenomenon
         • 1a. spacing effect
           • rehearsal distributed over time
         • 1b. Serial position effect
           • knowing what you first learned than last learned
     • Levels of processing
       • 1. Visual
         • Picture images
           • mnemonics
       • 2. Acoustic
         • sound, esp. sound of words
       • 3. Semantic
         • meaning
     • Organizing info
       • 1. Chunking
         • occurs naturally
           • mnemonic technique
             • recall unfamiliar material
           • chunk info into words
             • acronym
       • 2. Hierarchies
         • retrieve info efficiently
           • grouping into categories
   • 2. Storage
     • a. Sensory memory
       • a. i. iconic memory
         • a. ii. fleeting photographic memory
       • echonic memory
         • memory for auditory stimuli
     • b. Short-term/ work memory
       • limitations
         • duration and capacity
           • Unless rehearsed, verbal info maybe quickly forgotten
     • c. Long-term memry
   • 3. Retrieval
     • Recall
       • fill-in-the-blank
     • Recognition
       • MC test
     • Relearning
       • quicker second-time learning the material
     • retrieval cues
       • priming
       • context effect
       • moods and memories
   • Analogy: Computer

2. Models

   • Connectionism

3. Types

   • Sensory
   • Short-term
   • Long-term
   • working memory

4. Forgetting

   • 3 sins
     • Absent-mindedness
     • Transience
     • blocking
   • 3 sins of distortion
     • misattribution
     • suggestibility
     • Bias
   • one sin of intrusion
     • Persistence
   • Encoding failure
     • correlates with age
   • strong decay
     • curve levels out
   • retrieval failure
     • inteference
       • proactive
         • old learning affects recall of new info
       • retroactive
         • new learning affects recall of old
       • positive transfer
         • old and new info compete that interference occurs
   • Motivated forgetting
     • unreliable
     • distorted

5. influence on memory construction

   • misinfo effect
   • source amnesia
   • infantile amnesia

6. improving memory

   • repeat study
     • rehearsal
   • make meaning
     • build retrieval cues
   • activate cues
     • recreate emotion, situation, mood
   • use mnemonic devices
     • acronyms
     • peg-words
   • minimize interference
     • study before sleep
   • sleep more