Mapa mental
Memory
Conteúdo do mapa
Memory
Types of memory
- Sensory Memory
- Visual continuity e.g film - Baddeley 1988
- Short Term Memory
- Capacity
- 50% correct is digit span
- Digit span of seven plus or minus two - Miller 1956
- Factors affecting
- Influence of long term memory
- Bower and Winzenz 1969
- Reading aloud
- Rhythmic grouping
- Pronunciation time
- Schweikert and Boruff 1986
- Benjamin and Ayres 1986
- Word length effect - Baddeley 1975
- Influence of long term memory
- 50% correct is digit span
- Duration
- Trigrams - Peterson and Peterson 1959
- Factors affecting
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Intention to recall
- Unexpected test - Sebrechst 1989
- Amount of information
- Murdock 1961
- Encoding
- Acoustic confusion - Conrad 1964
- Baddeley 1966
- Factors affecting
- Sound of words
- Other ways of encoding
- Visual encoding - Brandimonte 1992
- Capacity
- Long Term Memory
- Capacity
- No upper limit
- Duration
- Photos - Bahrick 1975
- Factors affecting
- Childhood amnesia
- How duration is measured
- Thorough learning
- Algebra and Geometry - Bahrick and Hall
- Encoding
- Baddeley 1966
- Factors affecting
- Acoustic encoding
- Visual encoding
- Capacity
- Sensory Memory
Working Memory Model - Baddely and Hitch 1974
- Digit strings and verbal reasoning task - Baddeley and Hitch 1974
- Not compatible with MSM
- Key features
- Visuo-spatial scratchpad
- Stores visual and spatial information
- Sets up and manipulates mental images
- Limited capacity
- Phonological loop
- Allows acoustically coded items to be stored briefly
- Articulatory control process allows subvocal repetition
- Central executive
- Problem solving and decision making
- Controls attention
- Major role in planning and synthesising information
- Flexible, can process info from any modality
- Limited storage capacity
- Episodic buffer 2000
- Integrates and manipulates material in working memory into chunks
- Integrates material from LTM to meet needs of working memory
- How many windows in house? - Baddeley 1997
- Visuo-spatial scratchpad
- Strengths
- Explains mental maths
- Evidence for phonological loop from word length effect study - Baddeley 1975
- Moving spot of light and capital F - Baddely 1973
- Influential and still expanding
- Central executive in chess - Robbins 1996
- Weaknesses
- Component known least about is most important, central executive
- Specific functioning of central executive? - Richardson 1984
- Digit strings and verbal reasoning task - Baddeley and Hitch 1974
Eyewitness Testimony
- Anxiety
- Paper knife -Loftus 1979
- Real life shooting - Yuille and Cutshall 1986
- Genuine bank robberies - Christianson and Hubinette - 1993
- Schemas
- 5 ways schemas affect memory - Cohen 1993
- Office items - Brewer and Treyens 1981
- Shoplifting - List 1986
- Absence of context - Bransford and Johnson 1972
- Age
- Children unreliable - Yarmey and Jones 1983
- Koriat 2001
- How much remembered
- Accuracy of memory
- FIlmed robbery - Geiselman and Padilla 1988
- No difference - Cassel 1996
- Encoding - Ceci and Buck 1991
- Storage - Thomson 1988
- Retrieval
- Saywitz 1987
- Goodman and Reed 1986
- Leichtman and Ceci 1995
- Main factors and conclusions - Ceci and Bruck 1993
- Leading questions
- Car crash -Loftus 1974
- Consequences
- Identity parade - Foster 1994
- Witness testing
- No forced choice format - Koriat and Goldsmith 1996
- Anxiety
Misleading information
- Memory can be changed or supplemented
- Usually in form of question or statement wrongly implying something
- Car accident film - Loftus - 1975
- Source misattribution
- Yield and stop sign - Loftus 1978
- Blatantly incorrect misinformation
- Large red purse - Loftus 1979
- Particularly noticeable information less subject to distortion
- People can ignore new information, original stays intact
- Accuracy in logical order - Bekerian and Bowers 1983
- What happens to original memory?
Cognitive Interview Schedule - Geiselman 1985
- Recreate context of incident
- Report every detail
- Recall event in different order
- Change perspectives
- Compared with standard police interview - Geiselman
- Correct items
- Errors
- Incorrect items
- Confabulated items
- Detectives - Fisher 1989
- 27 studies review - Bekerian and Dennett 1993
- Child birthday party - Holliday 2003
Memory Improvement
- Paying attention
- Elaborative rehearsal
- Craik and Watkins 1973
- Organisation
- Hierarchies
- Bower 1969
- Use of stories - Bower and Clark 1969
- Hierarchies
- Avoiding interference effects
- Retroactive interference
- New information interfering with old
- Proactive interference
- Old information interfering with new
- Underwood 1957
- McGeoch and MacDonald 1931
- Retroactive interference
- Encoding specificity principle
- Acquired memories encoded with links to the context that existed at the time - Tulving and Thompson 1973
- Retrieval clue
- Cue words - Tulving and Osler 1968
- Semantics instead of cues - Tulving and Osler 1968
- Underwater - Baddeley and Godden 1975
- Context dependent retrieval
- Basement - Smith 1979
- State dependent retrieval
- Learning things when drunk remember when drunk - Goodwin 1969
- Mood when learning and mood when retrieving - Ucros 1989
- Acquired memories encoded with links to the context that existed at the time - Tulving and Thompson 1973
- Spacing study
- Mnemonics
- Acronyms
- Good encoding technique so strong memory trace stablished
- Effective retrieval clue
- Method of loci
- Peg word
- More flexible and effective than loci - Bellezza 1996
Multi store model - Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
- Key features
- Transfer between stages may require recoding
- Decay
- Displacement
- Retrieval failure and interference
- Positives
- H.M case study - Milner 1965
- Primacy and recency effects - Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
- Negatives
- Inflexible
- Interactive flow
- Rehearsal only way into LTM?
- Key features
Informações
- Descrição
- Mapa Mental sobre Memory, criado por tom4413 em 24-04-2013.
- Criado por
- tom4413
- Visualizações
- 63
- Avaliação