Intelligence

Intelligence

1. Definitions

   • -Terman "guard against def intelligence solely on terms of ability to pass the test of a given intelligence scale" -no existing  scale can measure all of intelligence levels -Wechsler "not mere sum of abilities" affected by ability combos and individual motivation  -pragmatic view, our ability to do
   • abstract thinking/reasoning
   • problem-solving ability
   • capacity to acquire knowledge

2. Western Cultures

   • Emphasize problem-solving, logical, conceptual aspects of intelligence

3. Eastern Cultures

   • Emphasize holistic, social nature of intelligence->ability to identify complexity and contradictions 

4. Factor Analytic Theories of Intellgience

   • Multifactor Theory of Intelligence
     • Maintains that intelligence is composed of a number of independent abilities such as math,mechanical, and verbal faculties
     • Thorndike's Multifactor Theory of Intelligence
       • -Postulated that intelligence is the product of interconnected but distinct intellectual abilities -Mental activities have elements in common and combine to form clusters -Based on theory, not stats
     • Thurstone's Multidimenstional Theory of Intelligence
       • -Viewed human intelligence derived from Spearman's -Maintained that human intelligence possesses a certain systematic organization, can not be unitary trait -Intelligence can be inferred by stat analysis of the patterns and intercorrelations found in a group of tests -Eliminated Spearman's general factor (g) -Second-order factors may be related to g
     • Guilford's Structure of Intellect Theory
       • -Involves content, products, and operations -Postulates 120 possible factors operations: processing info content:what was analyzed products: resulting outcome has great face validity too organized and structures, didn't allow any overlap/fluidity  some people are better at one area than others at producing, content, and operationsdifferent intelligences, different was of using themhad good validity , not  a  working model anymore
     • Cattell and Horn's Fluid and Crystallized Theory of Intelligence
       • -Horn argued against the concept of general intelligence, research does not support unitary theory -Genetic underpinnings that take courses of development over life time (e.g. eye sight, hearing, visual)
       • Crystallized
         • -Acquired skills and knowledge that are developed from culture -Over learned and well-established  -Rooted in experiences
       • Fluid
         • Adaptive and new learning capabilities, related to mental operations and processes -Depends on physiological structures -Plateaus after adolescences -More sensitive to brain injury -Basis for crystallized growth
   • General and Specific Factor (g, s)
     • -This rose when Spearman introduced statistical techniques such as factor analysis -Outcomes depended on quality of data, type of stats, and proclivities of investigator who chose the labels for the factors Factor labels are merely descriptive categories and do no reflect underlying entities
     • Spearman's Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
       • -Stated that general factor (g) +1 or more specific factors per test account for performance on intelligence tests -G-factor= general mental energy -Complicated mental activities require the greatest amount of g G=general ability to determine relationship between 2+ ideas, inventive mental ability -G factor is not soul entity in intelligence, other factors influence it
     • Vernon's Hierarchical Theory of Intelligence
       • -At the highest level is g -Next level are two major group factors: verbal-educational and spatial-mechanical -Subdivisions include specialized factor unique to certain tests
     • Carroll's Theory-Stratum Factor Analytic Theory of Cognitive Abilities
       • -Distinct individual differences in cognitive abilities are classified into three strata/levels -The abilities covered are assumed to be cognitive, processing of mental functioning 
       • Narrow: Statum 1
         • Consists of 65 narrow abilities comprising levels of mastery
       • Broad: Stratum 2
         • Consists of 8 broad factors
       • General: Stratum 3
         • Consists only of G
   • Other Theories of Intelligence
     • Campione, Brown, and Borkowsky's Informatin- Processing Theory of Intelligence
       • -Focused on ways individuals mentally represent and process information via stages (time it is registered to the reaction time) -Intelligence has two basic components
       • Architectural system
         • Structural component
       • Executive sytem
         • Control component
     • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
       • Intelligence has 3 dimensions: componential, experimental, contextual  Explains mental activity in real-world environments 
       • Componential
         • Translates sensory inputs to motor output  Metacomponents- analyze problems/ provide solutions Performance Components- carry out metacomponents, retrieve longterm memory Knowledge acquisition- compare old info/new filter out irrelevant 
       • Experiential Dimension
         • How individuals connect their internal/external world
       • Contextual Dimension
         • How well you adapt, select, and shape environment 

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