Chapter 2 Section 3

Chapter 2 Section 3

1. The Tonkawas

   • gathered plants such as roots,seeds,fruit,acorns and pecans
   • lived in tipis made of buffalo hides
   • shared some land with the Karankawas
   • used to live on the Edwards Plateau
   • hunted buffalo,rabbits,skunks,rats,rattlesnakes and land turtles
   • were friendly people
   • pushed away from the Edwards Plateau due to the Apaches and Comanches in the 1600's & 1700's
   • became hunters and gatherers
   • groups of independent bands
   • each band had its own territory
   • chose war cheifs to lead them

2. The Apaches

   • comanches pushed the Lipians out of their area
   • there were 6 tribes; 2 were named the Lipans and the Mescaleros
   • the buffalo hides also covered their tipis
   • Mescaleros were hunters/gatherers, named for the mescal cactus on which they depended for much of their food and drink; did not grow crops
   • women planted and harvested crops of corn,beans,pumpkins and watermelon
   • "apache" comes from the Zuni word 'apuchu', which means enemy
   • fierce fighters
   • came from Canada in A.D. 1000
   • Lipians wore clothes made of deerskin
   • they wrapped themselves in buffalo robes during the winter
   • each band has a cheif
   • Lipians hunted buffalo and other and other animals and sometimes farmed
   • lipians were among the first Indians to ride horses
   • bands came together in time of war or for religious or social ceremonies
   • the Lipians appeared in the Texas Panhandle in 1500's, lived as seperate bands

3. The Comanches

   • made meat into pemmican
   • each band had a chief with limited power; all the adults in the band were members of the council
   • lived in tipis
   • decorated their bodies and made most of their clothes from buffalo hides
   • their life depended on the buffalo- it provided clothing, shelter and most food
   • in small groups hunted buffalo year round
   • women had short hair; men had long hair with braids
   • Lipians and the Comanches cooperated with each other at first, but then had a conflict about hunting grounds
   • all band members had to agree with the decisions or leave
   • first appeared in Northern Mexico and the Texas Panhandle in the early 1700's
   • on the hunt, butchered animals where they fell