Memory

Memory

1. Stages of Memory

   • Aquisition
     • Attending to stimuli--> encoded.
       • Sound- Echoic Memory (4 seconds)
   • Retention
     • Presentation of stored material
   • Retrieval
     • Getting information back for usage
   • Eye Witness Testimony
     • Current context can affect the way that we remember things.

2. Multi-Store Model

   • Sensory Memory
     • Stimulus Presentation--> Immediate form sensory memory.
       • Sign- iconic memory (very short)
   • Short-Term Memory
     • Consciousness. Currently aware.
       • Integrates into current experience
         • previous memory not lost
           • 7+_ 2 Items Miller.
     • Lost over a period of time- DECAY
     • Replaced with other information- DISPLACED
       • Avoid memory loss by reversing information/ remembered before it is lost.
         • MAINTENENCE
           • Keeps items in the STM
         • ELABORATIVE
           • Transferred from STM to LTM
     • INCREASING CAPACITY
       • Chunking
         • Collecting data into larger wholes
   • Long-Term Memory
     • Information passed from the STM to LTM
       • Shallow processing
         • Superficial features/ not good memory
       • Deep Processing
         • Meaning behind memory/ good memory
         • Craig and Tulving
           • Deep Processing vs Shallow Processing. Concrete Nouns remembered better when processed deep.

3. Episodic Memory

   • Specific cue that were present when the memory was learned.
     • Matched cue/ matched encoding and retrieval.

4. Semantic General Knowledge

   • No specific cue.
     • Can be related to other network. no specific place remembered.
       • LTM Passive/ Active Memory Retrieval
         • Left behind in memory after event occurred. Not altered by schemas.
           • Re-experiencing past when received.

5. Flashbulb Memory

   • Disasters/ events which are disturbing of shocking
     • Very easily recovered. Great detail.
       • When and where you were told.

6. Schema Driven Memories

   • Expectations about the way the world works.
     • Effects how we remember information.
   • Bartlett
     • Transformation in the direction of conventional representation.
       • Strange shape turned into a face/ wing of bird.
     • Transformation of story into something you can understand

7. Loftus

   • Car experiment.
     • Posts event information alters schema.
       • Judicial system.

8. Kassin and Wrightsman

   • Voluntary False Confession
     • Innocent person confesses to committing a crime without external pressure.
       • Don't believe guilt.
   • Coerced Compliant False Confession
     • Innocent person confesses a crime for gains
       • Doesn't believe in guilt.
   • Coerced-Internalised False Confession
     • Innocent person confesses a crime
       • Believes guilt.

9. Kassin and Kiechal

   • Alt Key Programme Crash
     • Believe they pressed the key when they didn't

10. Reconstructive Memory

    • Incest/ Repressed memories/ Block out trauma
      • Accessing the memories important in healing process