attachment

attachment

1. learning theory (Dollard & Miller)

   • cupboard love
   • operant & classical conditioning food is root of attachment

2. reciprocity

   • mother and child mirror each other behaviour (like a dance)

3. Interactional synchrony

   • Feldman (2007)the co-ordination and anticipation of micro level social behaviour

4. The role of the father is in play and stimulation

   • men restricted as primary care givers due to biological disadvantage social expectations and paternity laws
   • fields research showed single fathers exhibited same characteristics as mother
   • mccallum and golombok (2004) same-sex parents had no detriment to a child's development

5. Schaffer & Emerson

   • Asocial (up to 3 months)
     • indiscriminate (3-6 months)
       • specific (7 months)
         • multiple (up to 18 months)
   • sample: 60 w/c Glasgow babies and their parents
     • method: observation and interviews, 4 point rating scale for childrens behaviour measuring anxiety (stranger + separation)

6. Ainsworth strange situation

   • secure (most common)
     • insecure- avoident
       • insecure- resistant
         • uncontrolably distraught
       • outgoing and independent but happy at reunion
     • mild separation and stranger anxiety comforted easily on reunion
   • method: observations in 7 situations two way mirror event sampling using behavioural categories. Babies assesed for stranger and seperation anxiety. reunion behaviour most significant

7. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta analysis of 32 studies across 8 countries (15 from USA) 1990 babies

   • found secure attachment to be universal form

8. Harlow's mokey's (1950)

   • feeding reduces hunger hunger is a primary drive attachment is secondary
   • contact comfort more important than feeding cloth mother vs wire onkey

9. Lorenz's geese (1939)

   • critical period 30 hours imprinting-sexual. infants attach to the first moving object they see