biodiversity

biodiversity

1. humans

   • biodiversity loss
   • opisthokonta
     • fungi
   • species
     • a group that is capable of sharing alleles
     • speciation
       • occurs when two populations are no longer able to produce fertile offspring
       • allopatric speciation
         • populations which are geographically separated from each other
         • dispersal
           • individuals colonize a distant place far from the main population
         • vicariance
           • a population splits due to a geographic barrier
       • sympatric
         • speciation with gene flow between diverging populations
         • ecological isolation
         • polyploidy
           • doubling of cells during cell division
       • phylogenetic trees
         • speciation can be thought as a process of branching & a phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a species
         • node
           • represents the most recent common ancestor of 2 descendant species on a tree
         • sister groups
           • a phylogenetic tree is simply a set of sister group relationships
         • taxon
           • formal means of naming groups
           • monophyletic
             • all members share a single common ancestor that is not shared with any other species
           • paraphyletic
             • includes some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor 
           • polyphyletic
             • grouping that does not include the last common ancestor of all members
         • genus
           • larger, more inclusive branch of the tree
         • family
           • larger, more inclusive branch of a tree
         • class
           • orders form a class
         • order
           • formed from a family
         • phylum
           • formed from classes
         • kingdom
           • formed from a phylum 
         • domain
           • the three largest limbs of the entire tree
         • homology
           • characters that are similar because of a descent from a common ancestor 
         • synamorphies
           • shared derived characteristics 
     • Biological Species Concept
       • one or more populations whose members interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring
       • reproductive isolation
         • pre-zygotic isolation
           • temporal
             • isolation as a function of time
           • behavioral
             • behavior differs between two populations
           • mechanical
             • anatomical incompatibility 
           • habitat
           • gametic barriers
             • prevention of wrong sperm egg combo
         • post-zygotic isolation
           • reduced hybrid viability
             • lower chance of survival for organisms whose parents have incompatible genes 
           • hybrid sterility
             • adult species fail to develop functional gametes and are sterile
     • Morphospecies concept
       • members of the same species usually have similar DNA sequences that are distinct from those of other species
     • Ecological Species Concept
       • two species cannot coexist in the same location if they are too similar because it causes competition for resources
     • Phylogenetic Species Concept
       • members of a species all share a common ancestor and fate
     • evolution
       • analogy
         • similarities due to independent adaptation by different species
         • convergent evolution
           • result of convergent evolution is an analogy 
       • trace fossils
         • preserve a record of behavior and anatomy 
       • molecular fossils
         • helps document organisms that rarely form conventional fossils 
       • geologic timescale
         • series of time divisions that mark Earth's history
   • populations
     • migration
       • gene flow
         • random genetic exchange of alleles among populations due to migration
     • genetic drift
       • founder event
         • form of reduction in population size
       • bottleneck
         • form of reduction in population size
       • non-random mating
         • result of genetic drift
     • gene pool
       • all the genes in a population
       • microevolution
         • changes in gene pool
     • evolution
       • change in allele or genotype frequencies over time
       • coevolution
         • prokaryotes have coevolved with eukaryotes 
     • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
       • populations meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when certain conditions are met in a population
   • somatic & germ line mutations
     • occurs in body's cells
   • natural selection
     • positive & negative selection
       • variances in population 
     • fitness
       • measured as the fit between organisms and its environment
     • stabilizing selection
     • directional selection
     • disruptive selection
     • sexual selection
       • MODES OF NATURAL SELECTION
     • intersexual selection
     • intrasexual selection
     • adaptive radiation
       • unusual rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptation and occurs when there are multiple opportunities for exploitation. 

2. bacteria

   • prokaryotic domain of microscopic organisms 
   • prokaryotes
     • bacteria and cyanobacteria 
   • cyanobacteria
   • gram-positive bacteria
     • bacteria that include organisms that cause and cure disease 

3. farming

   • fertilizer
     • eutrophication
   • pesticides

4. carbon cycle

   • oxygenic photosynthesis
     • a photosynthetic reaction that uses water as the electron donor resulting in the production of oxygen
   • aerobic cell respiration
     • complete oxidation of carbon compounds to CO2 using a compound other than oxygen as the electron acceptor
   • anoxygenic photosynthesis
     • a photosynthetic reaction that uses something other than water as the electron donor and thus does NOT produce oxygen
   • chemoautotrophy
     • derives energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds 
   • fermentation
     • partial oxidation of carbon compounds to molecules that are less oxidized than CO2, resulting in some ATP production
   • anaerobic cell respiration
     • cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen

5. algae

   • archaeplastida

6. ecosystem diversity

   • diverse systems have primary productivity
   • ecosystem services

7. genetic diversity

   • raw material for adaptive change

8. species diversity

   • species richness
     • measures species diversity
   • species evenness
     • measures species diversity

9. archaea

   • prokaryotic domain of microscopic organisms 
   • methanogens
     • recycles organic molecules in environments where the supplies of electron acceptors for respiration are limited 

10. eukaryotes

11. annamox

    • supports bacteria and archaeans in oxygen-depleted parts of the ocean