Skeletal System

Skeletal System

1. Bones

   • Classification by location
     • Appendicular
       • Limbs
         • Upper body
         • Lower body
       • Girdles
     • Axial
       • Ribs
       • Skull
       • Vertebral Column
   • Types
     • Long
     • Short
     • Flat
     • Irregular
     • Compact

2. Tissue types

   • Bone
     • Osteogenic cells
       • Bone stem cells
     • Osteoblasts
       • Matrix-synthesizing cells
     • Osteocytes
       • Bone matrix maintenance cells
     • Osteoclasts
       • Bone destruction cells
   • Cartilage
     • Hyaline
     • Elastic
     • Fibrous
   • Bone marrow

3. Joints

   • Types
     • Functional
     • Structural
       • Synovial
         • General Structure
           • Articular cartilage
           • Joint synovial cavity
           • Articular joint capsules
             • Fibrous layer
             • Synovial membrane
               • *In fingers, toes, ankles, and wrists
                 • *Inflammation (synovitis)
                   • *Lymphocytes
                     • *Migrate into joint cavity from blood and unleash inflammatory chemicals
                       • *Destroy blood tissues
                       • *Treatment
                         • *Medication
                           • *Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
                           • *Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
                         • *Surgery
                         • *Lifestyle changes
                           • *Rest
                           • *Exercise
                   • *Macrophages
                     • da
                 • *Symptoms
                   • *Tender, warm, swollen joints
                   • *Symmetrical pattern of affected joints
                   • *Pain and stiffness
                   • *Fatigue
           • Synovial fluid
             • *Fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling
               • *Synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
                 • *Erodes the cartilage
                   • *Scar tissue forms and ossifies
                     • *Ankylosis
           • Reinforcing ligaments
             • Capsular ligaments
             • Extracapsular ligaments
             • Intracapsular ligaments
           • Nerves and blood vessels
         • Multiaxial
           • Ball and socket joint
         • Biaxial
           • Saddle joint
           • Condylar joint
         • Uniaxial
           • Hinge joint
           • Pivot joint
         • Nonaxial
           • Plane joint
       • Cartilaginous
         • Synchondroses
         • Symphyses
       • Fibrous
         • Sutures
         • Syndesmoses
         • Gomphoses
   • Types of movement
     • Flexion
     • Extension
     • Abduction
     • Adduction
     • Circumduction