Memory

Memory

1. Selective attention and awareness to memory

   • Short term: Capacity limited (Result of a decision-making trade-off in evolutionary development between speed and accuracy).; information decays rapidly;
     • Rehearsal processes operate prior to encoding in long-term memory
       • Maintenance rehearsal: requiring data-driven, instance-based processing
         • Noticing
           • Awareness
             • Information in short memory to long-term memory
       • Elaborative rehearsal: requiring conceptually driven, schema-based processing
   • Long term: The capacity is not limited, information does not decay rapidly;

2. The role of memory in implicit and incidental L2 learning

   • Implicit memory
     • Indirect tests: material is simply presented in a study phase with no instructions to remember the information for a later recall test.
   • Explicit memory
     • Direct tests: subjects are instructed to attend to material presented in a study phase in order to complete a later recall test
       • Attention and awareness regulate access to explicit memory
   • L2 learning
     • Adulthood
       • Implicit and explicit learning are fundamentally similar, requiring focal attention and rehearsal of input in memory.
       • Those who adopt separate-systems explanations of implicit/explicit learning argue implicit learning will be unaffected by individual differences, and be much more homogeneous across populations of learners than explicit learning.

3. Short term and working memory

   • Short term storage
     • Passive measures: E.g. Backward digit span
     • Active mesures: E.g. Reading span tests
       • Baddeley (1986) has proposed a model of working memory, in which information is maintained via rehearsal in two slave-systems of working memory, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad, which are jointly coordinated by a central executive.
   • Working memory
     • Represented as within short-term memory (Nairne, 1996),ince priming and subliminal exposure experiments such as those of Marcel (1983) show automatic access to long-term memory, and may exhibit primacy and recency effects, but these cannot be attributed to

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