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Chapter 2

Laws: Behavioral science

assumes events are governed by laws and order.

-ex. gravity and earth's orbit

-3 goals of Science

-measurement and description

~conceptualization vs. operationalization

-Understanding and predicting

~hypothesis and variables

-application and control

~how can we use our findings?

-We try to develop the operations: systems of related ideas used to explain certain observations.

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Chapter 2

-steps in a scientific Investigation

1. Form a testable (flexible) hypothesis

2. Select methods and design the study

3. collect data

4.Analyze data and draw conclusions

5. Report the findings

-Advantages of Scientific Approach

~Clarity Precision- Hypothesis must be exact and clear

~Balance of Error- Ideas are accepted based on objective data, and findings can always be questioned and modified as new data emerges

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Chapter 2: Experimental Research

-Experiment: a research method in which the investigator manipulates an INDEPENDENT variable under controlled conditions and observes whether there is a change in a DEPENDENT variable.

-Experimental and Control groups are differentiated by the level of the IV.

~Ideally want these groups identical in all other aspects

-Extraneous variables- things other than the IV that might affect the DV. BAD FOR EXPERIMENT, want to control if possible.

-Confounding variables- when two variables are related in a way that makes it hard to figure out their individual effects.

-Random assignment- Everyone is equally likely to be in any group/condition. THE CURE

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Causes: Experimental Research

-Within-subject designs: Each participant serves as their own control and is exposed to both conditions in the study.

-Multi-variate designs: Sometimes we want to examine multiple independent variables or measure several dependent variables in the same study

~This allwos us to look for interactions: when the effect of one variable depends on the effect of another

-Multiple levels of one IV: does the effect of the IV on the DV get

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Descriptive/Correlational Studies: review

-Main advantages

~Allows researchers to examine questions that cannot be tested with an experiment

~roadens scope of psychological questions and variables we can ask and examine

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Name the kind of study

-Case study, survey, experiment, psuedo experiment

1) drug trial

2)ersonality d ice cream

3)enjamin Button

4)Blindess and hearing bility

5) Study strategy

6) New teaching method

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Flaws: Evaluating research

-A single study (especially in psychology) iis never conclusive

-We need replication, the independent repetition of a study t see if we get the same results.

--The more similar replication study results are to the original, the more confidet we are in our conclusions.

-A meta-analysis study combines the results of many studies about the same equation to calculate an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effect.

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Flaws: Evaluating research

-common Issues in Research Studies

-Sampling Bias- The Study sample does not reflect the population it was drawn from limits generalizability.

- placebo effect-he the expectations of participants cause some change even if they receive a fake or ineffective treatment. Common in drug studies

- experimenter Bias- The researcher's expectations or preferences influence the results of a study

~can be fixed with double-blind methods: when neither the experiment nor subject knows which condition the subject is in.