Loftus and Palmer 1974

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Loftus and Palmer

Method: Participants shown multiple car crashes videos and asked how fast the cars were going when they ......

'smashed'

'collided'

'bumped'

'contacted'

Results: Highest estimations were when 'hit' was replaced with 'smashed' at 41mph

Lowest estimation was 'contaced' at 32mph

Conc: Words affect participant responses therefore encouraging misleading answers

Evaluation: Artificial -> not emotionally arousing

Demand characteristics -> know its an experiment

Lack of validity -> Worked out purpose

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