Quiz
Chapter 12
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Perguntas do quiz (139)
1When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel’s behavior to fetch marbles in the backyard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. Then, the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This behavior pattern is likely:
- Aan unconditioned fixed action pattern.
- Ban operantly conditioned behavior pattern.
- Ca classically conditioned fixed action pattern.
- Da positively reinforced fixed action pattern.
2Which of the following is included in the method for generating activity anorexia in rats?
- AProviding frequent meal periods every day
- BMaking a running wheel available during non-meal periods
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is necessary to induce activity anorexia.
3As summer approaches, Joanne decides to undertake a diet and exercise regime in order to lose some weight. To do so safely, which of the following should she do?
- AShe should eat one large meal per day.
- BShe should eat several small meals per day.
- CShe should gradually increase her level of exercise.
- DBoth b and c are correct.
4There is some evidence that activity anorexia is maintained by the release of:
- Aserotonin.
- Bepinephrine.
- Cnorepinephrine.
- Dendorphins.
5Which of the following would most likely temporarily reduce activity levels in a rat suffering from activity anorexia?
- AIntermittent delivery of small amounts of food throughout the day
- BChanging the rat’s diet to nutritionally deficient food
- CInjection of an endorphin blocker
- DInjection of a stimulant
6Similarities between activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans include the fact that:
- Ahigh activity levels first need to be explicitly reinforced.
- Bit occurs more readily in adolescent individuals and rats than older individuals and rats.
- Cboth rats and humans become quite uninterested in food.
- DAll of these are correct.
7As explained by behavior systems theory, a dog approaches a light in a sign-tracking experiment because the light elicits the _____ component of the dog’s feeding system.
- Aconsummatory
- Bsocial
- Cpredatory
- Dexploratory
8In keeping with the principle of _____, the _____ food item in a meal is less likely to evoke a taste aversion compared to the remaining food items.
- Alatent inhibition; strongest-tasting
- Bovershadowing; mildest-tasting
- Cblocking; most familiar
- Dlatent inhibition; most unfamiliar
9The term schedule-induced polydipsia refers to a pattern of _____ that can most readily be induced by exposure to a(n) _____ schedule of food reinforcement.
- Aexcessive eating; FT or FI
- Bexcessive water drinking; FT or FI
- Cexcessive eating; VT or VI
- Dexcessive water drinking; VT or VI
10Taste aversion conditioning is similar to other forms of classical conditioning in that the process (es) of _____ can occur.
- Astimulus generalization
- Bblocking
- Cextinction
- DAll of these are correct.
11Adjunctive behavior:
- Acan function as a reinforcer for other behaviors.
- Btends to emerge during the post-reinforcement interval.
- Cbecomes stronger as the level of deprivation for the reinforcer increases.
- DAll of these are correct.
12In taste aversion conditioning, a food item that has been paired with _____ becomes a conditioned aversive stimulus.
- Ashock
- Ba well-known food item
- Ca disliked food item
- Dgastrointestinal illness
13Similarities between humans with anorexia nervosa and rats with activity anorexia include the fact that:
- Aboth remain interested in food.
- Bboth undertake low levels of activity.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
14For many types of adjunctive behaviors, the optimal interreinforcement interval most often lies in the range of 1 to _____.
- A5 minutes.
- B3 minutes.
- C10 minutes.
- D18 minutes.
15In an experiment on biological preparedness in rats, Bolles found that it is easier for a rat to learn to _____ to avoid a shock than to _____.
- Afreeze; press a lever
- Brun; press a lever
- Cpress a lever; run
- DBoth a and b are correct.
16The method for generating activity anorexia in laboratory rats involves:
- Aproviding only one meal period per day.
- Bmaking a running wheel available during the periods between meals.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is necessary to induce activity anorexia.
17An innate tendency to more readily associate certain kinds of stimuli with each other is called _____.
- Asign tracking
- Bassociative specificity
- CCS-US relevance
- Dinstinctive drift
18Critical factors involved in the development of activity anorexia in rats include:
- Aa preceding period of restricted mobility.
- Bunrestricted access to food.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
19The tendency of an organism to approach a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event is known as:
- Aadjunctive behavior.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Clatent inhibition.
- Dsign tracking.
20Daniel eats some turkey gumbo while feeling nauseous because of a severe stomach flu. This experience:
- Acould well result in the development of a taste aversion.
- Bis unlikely to result in the development of a taste aversion.
- Cwill likely result in a strong preference for turkey gumbo.
- Dwill result in the development of instinctive drift.
21Bob tends to hang around a coffee shop that is frequented by a woman to whom he is very attracted, even when he knows for certain that she will not be there. This behavior pattern is most similar to the phenomenon of:
- Aschedule-induced behavior.
- Bsign tracking.
- Cdishabituation.
- Dinstinctive drift.
22In keeping with the principle of stimulus _____, the development of a taste aversion to salmon is likely to result in a(n) _____ in preference for similar fish.
- Adiscrimination; increase
- Bgeneralization; decrease
- Cdiscrimination; decrease
- Dgeneralization; increase
23In instinctive drift, the behavior that is being shaped comes to be replaced by:
- Aa classically conditioned fixed action pattern.
- Ban operantly conditioned fixed action pattern.
- Ca classically conditioned adjunctive behavior.
- Dan operantly conditioned adjunctive behavior.
24In the Breland and Breland example of instinctive drift, the rooting that occurred in response to the _____ was a(n) _____.
- Acoin; unconditioned response
- Bcoin; operant response
- Cfood; conditioned response
- Dcoin; conditioned response
25Mark has the flu and is made to follow a liquid diet. He is given porridge for breakfast on a day when his flu is at its worst. As a result, Mark is likely to develop:
- Aa strong preference for eating porridge.
- Ba taste aversion to porridge.
- Ca generalized aversion to eating breakfast.
- Da taste aversion to solid food items.
26In a sign-tracking experiment, you notice a dog barking at a light that has frequently been paired with the delivery of food. In this instance, the barking is best interpreted as a(n) _____ while the light is a(n) _____.
- ACR; CS
- Boperant response; CS
- Coperant response; S D
- Delicited behavior; US
27Smoking as an adjunctive behavior can help an individual work long hours to obtain a promotion, thereby serving as a:
- Aself-control device.
- Bform of self-punishment.
- Cfixed action pattern.
- Dform of sign-tracking.
28The activity anorexia model suggests that behavioral treatments for anorexia nervosa should focus on:
- Apunishment as much as reinforcement.
- Bactivity levels as much as food intake.
- Cself-esteem more than food intake.
- Dfood intake more than activity levels.
29During a vacation trip to a desert, Bill was startled by a snake and subsequently became terrified of snakes. Over the years, he has also received several shocks from handling the frayed cord on his old toaster and now feels slightly uncomfortable while handling it. Which of the following would most likely account for the difference in the level of fear elicited in these two situations?
- ABiological preparedness
- BBlocking
- CTemperament
- DUS revaluation
30_____ can be seen as a natural tendency to do something else while waiting for a reinforcer.
- AAdjunctive behavior
- BClassical conditioning
- CElicited behavior
- DOperant behavior
31According to behavior systems theory, an animal’s behavior is organized into various _____ systems, such as feeding, mating, and defense.
- Alearning
- Binnate
- Cacquired
- Dsocialized
32Rosalie pours honey on her daughter’s green beans in the hope that she will grow to like beans. This tactic is likely to be:
- Aineffective.
- Bineffective only if the daughter used to like beans but somehow grew to dislike them.
- Crelevant only if the daughter also receives a treat after eating the beans.
- Deffective.
33A short period of time during which there is a low probability or zero probability of reinforcement seems to be a critical factor in the development of _____.
- Areflex actions
- Bemotional behavior
- Cadjunctive behavior
- Ddeficit behavior
34In an experiment on preparedness in rats, Bolles found that it is easier for a rat to learn to press a lever to _____ than to _____.
- Aavoid shock; obtain food
- Bobtain food; avoid shock
- Cavoid shock; escape shock
- Descape shock; avoid shock
35In sign tracking, an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event. The approach behavior seems very much like a(n) _____ because it appears to be quite goal directed.
- Aelicited behavior
- Boperant behavior
- Cunconditioned response
- Dneutral response
36Which of the following is a difference between anorexia nervosa in humans and activity anorexia in rats?
- AAnorexic rats do not binge eat and then vomit, while anorexic humans sometimes do.
- BAnorexic rats do not maintain a strong interest in food, while anorexic humans do.
- CAnorexic rats display high activity levels, while anorexic humans do not.
- DAll of these are correct.
37The phenomenon of _____ explains why we are more likely to associate a relatively novel item, such as an unusual liqueur, with sickness than we would a more familiar item such as beer.
- Aovershadowing
- Blatent inhibition
- Cstimulus generalization
- Dblocking
38Research on activity anorexia suggests that the risk of becoming anorexic during a weight-loss program can be effectively reduced by:
- Aincreasing one’s exercise levels slowly rather than rapidly.
- Bfollowing a low-protein diet.
- Cchanging one’s attitude about one’s body image.
- Deating a single large meal per day.
39A useful way to prevent the development of taste aversions as a result of chemotherapy is to feed the patient:
- Ameals that consist of highly familiar food items.
- Ba very unusual, but trivial, food item prior to the chemotherapy session.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
40For a taste aversion to develop, the illness:
- Amust be perceived as being caused by the food.
- Bmust occur immediately following food ingestion.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
41According to the concept of species-specific defense reaction, the act of freezing in a frightening situation is easily learned because it is actually a(n):
- Aoperant behavior.
- Belicited behavior.
- Cnegatively reinforced behavior.
- Dnegatively punished behavior.
42Which of the following is currently the most reliable means of slowing the aging process in a variety of nonhuman animals?
- ASchedule-induced polydipsia
- BActivity anorexia
- CAdjunctive behavior
- DFood restriction
43In Brown and Jenkins’s autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur:
- Afollowing a key peck.
- Bfollowing an increasing rate of key pecks.
- Cfollowing presentation of a key light for 8 seconds.
- Dfollowing presentation of a tone for 8 seconds.
44Which of the following is a similarity between activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans?
- ABoth are associated with a strong interest in food.
- BBoth typically go away on their own.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
45Instinctive drift involves the classical conditioning of a _____ during an operant conditioning procedure.
- Afixed action pattern
- Bsimple reflex
- Cnovel behavior pattern
- Dtaste aversion
46According to the concept of species-specific defense reaction, rats easily learn to _____ to avoid shock because these actions are actually _____.
- Aplay dead; elicited behaviors that are natural reactions to danger
- Brun or freeze; elicited behaviors that are natural reactions to danger
- Cplay dead; negatively reinforced by the offset of shock
- Drun or freeze; negatively reinforced by the offset of shock
47Autoshaping is one type of _____ that fits well with Pavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory.
- Aclassical conditioning
- Boperant conditioning
- Cdisplacement
- Dovermatching
48Research has revealed that a disliked food item is most likely to be made more appetitive by:
- Acombining it with something that is strongly preferred.
- Bcombining it with something that tastes bad.
- Cfollowing it with a tasty dessert.
- Dfollowing it with something that has no taste.
49On _____ schedules of reinforcement, the delivery of each reinforcer is followed by a period of time during which another reinforcer is not available.
- Avariable interval
- Bvariable time
- Cconfidence interval
- Dfixed time
50The term _____ refers to an apparently irrelevant activity sometimes exhibited by animals when confronted by conflict or thwarted from attaining a goal.
- Alatent inhibition
- Bschedule-induced activity
- Cinstinctive drift
- Ddisplacement activity
51According to _____, when trying to eliminate a dog’s tendency to bark, we would do well to consider which motivational system is being activated by which cues.
- Amelioration theory
- Bstimulus-substitution theory
- Clatent inhibition
- Dbehavior systems theory
52In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, if Bob suddenly increases the number of miles he runs per day, he is likely to experience:
- Aa decrease in food intake.
- Ba decrease in water intake.
- Can increase in food intake.
- Da strong urge to use depressants.
53Bob is under considerable pressure from his wrestling coach to lose weight and move down to a much lighter weight class. Given that he is already exercising intensively, Bob might still be able to minimize the dangerous effects of dieting by:
- Afollowing a low-protein diet.
- Beating just one large meal per day.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
54Taste aversion conditioning differs from most other types of conditioning in that:
- Ait usually takes 20 to 30 trials to establish the taste aversion.
- Bit usually takes only one trial for the conditioning to occur.
- Cthe CS typically precedes the US.
- Dthe US typically precedes the CS.
55Displacement activities may be beneficial in that:
- Athey result in a diverse range of behaviors in a particular setting.
- Bthey enhance an individual’s ability to wait out a delay period.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
56In Garcia and Koelling’s experiment on taste aversion conditioning, the X-ray irradiation serves as the:
- AUS.
- BCS.
- CS D
- DS ∆ .
57The standard autoshaping procedure involves the use of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
- AVR
- Bfixed time
- CFI
- Dnoncontingent
58As a rat is made to drink green, licorice-flavored water, it receives a painful tail pinch. The next day, it is given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. It is likely to drink:
- Athe green water.
- Bthe licorice-flavored water.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
59In one study, a rolling marble that predicted the delivery of food seemed to elicit the _____ component of the rat’s feeding system.
- Apredatory
- Bconsummatory
- Csocial
- Dexploratory
60In keeping with the principle of _____, it is easier to condition a taste aversion to a(n) _____ food item.
- Aovershadowing; mild-tasting
- Blatent inhibition; unfamiliar
- Cblocking; bitter
- DNone of these are correct.
61As the level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer becomes more severe, the adjunctive behavior associated with it:
- Aincreases.
- Bdecreases.
- Cfirst decreases and then increases.
- DNone of these are correct; adjunctive behavior is unaffected by deprivation.
62In an experiment on _____, Bedford and Anger found that it is easier for pigeons to learn to avoid shock _____.
- Apreparedness; by key-pecking than by flying
- Binstinctive drift; by flying than by key-pecking
- Cpreparedness; by flying than by key-pecking
- Dsign-tracking; by key-pecking than by flying
63Which of the following is true of adjunctive behaviors?
- AThey can facilitate self-control.
- BThey cannot provide for a more diversified range of behaviors in a particular setting.
- CThey are of little help in situations where reinforcers are sparse.
- DThey are unrelated to self-control.
64In sign-tracking experiments, the stimulus that an animal approaches is best interpreted as a(n) _____, while the approach behavior is a(n) _____.
- AS D ; operant response
- BCS; CR
- CUS; UR
- DS R ; adjunctive response
65Evidence for the stimulus-substitution interpretation of autoshaping includes the fact that pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is:
- Aintermittent as opposed to continuous.
- Bprimary as opposed to secondary.
- Cfood as opposed to water.
- Da CS rather than an S D .
66During her spring break in Mexico, Celeste drank too much tequila, became sick to her stomach, and developed a strong aversion to tequila. This aversion can probably be eliminated by _____, which would be an example of _____.
- Arepeatedly drinking tequila without further illness; extinguishing
- Bconsistently avoiding tequila; spontaneous recovery
- Crepeatedly drinking tequila without further illness; blocking
- Dconsistently avoiding tequila; latent inhibition
67In an experiment on biological preparedness in chaffinches, Stevenson-Hinde found that _____ was an effective reinforcer for training chaffinches to _____.
- Afood; perch in a certain spot
- Bfood; key-peck
- Cthe sound of recorded chaffinch songs; perch in a certain spot
- DBoth b and c are correct.
68Pavlov once noticed one of his dogs licking a light that signaled the delivery of food. This type of behavior pattern is now known as:
- Aadjunctive behavior.
- Bsign tracking.
- CCS-US relevance.
- Dschedule-induced behavior.
69Evidence suggests that activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans may both be associated with:
- Aan abnormal depletion of norepinephrine.
- Ba serotonin high.
- Can endorphin high.
- Da high-protein diet.
70Examples of adjunctive behaviors that have been produced in the laboratory include:
- Aaggression.
- Bchewing on wood shavings.
- Clicking at an air stream.
- DAll of these are correct.
71Anorexia nervosa in humans usually begins when a person:
- Aenrolls in a customized weight-loss program.
- Beats several small meals per day.
- Chas only few opportunities to exercise.
- Ddeliberately undertakes a diet to lose weight.
72Deanna becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of roast beef (which is highly familiar to her) and vegetable samosas (which are novel). She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to _____ as a result of _____.
- Aroast beef; blocking
- Broast beef; latent inhibition
- Csamosas; overshadowing
- Dsamosas; latent inhibition
73Sign tracking has been interpreted by researchers as resulting from a process of:
- Anegative reinforcement.
- Bintermittent reinforcement.
- Csensitization.
- Dclassical conditioning.
74Omar is thinking of losing weight and getting back into shape. Research on activity anorexia suggests that to do so safely, he should:
- Aeat several small meals per day.
- Bslowly increase his exercise levels.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
75Adjunctive behavior is a(n) _____ pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior.
- Avariable; intermittent
- Bexcessive; intermittent
- Cvariable; continuous
- Dexcessive; continuous
76Rats are given a drink of green, licorice-flavored water and then later injected with a drug that makes them nauseous. The next day they are given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. Based on the concept of CS-US relevance, they are likely to avoid:
- Athe green water.
- Bthe licorice-flavored water.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
77According to research on activity anorexia, if one wishes to safely lose weight, one should:
- Aeat several small meals per day.
- Brapidly increase one’s level of exercise.
- Cfollow a low-protein diet.
- DAll of these are correct.
78Nausea induced through rapid smoking seems to create a stronger aversion to smoking than does electric shock paired with smoking. This scenario is most likely an example of:
- Asign tracking.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Cadjunctive behavior.
- DCS-US relevance.
79Which of the following is a similarity between anorexic rats and anorexic humans?
- ABoth undertake or are made to undertake extremely high levels of activity.
- BBoth engage in frequent binge eating followed by vomiting.
- CBoth exhibit a lack of interest in food.
- DBoth b and c are correct.
80In an experiment, both quail and rats were given blue, sour water to drink. After this, the animals were made sick. When later given a choice between blue water and sour water, the rats avoided the _____ water and the quail avoided the _____ water.
- Ablue; blue
- Bsour; sour
- Cblue; sour
- Dsour; blue
81Which of the following takes place in the activity anorexia cycle?
- AWhen activity increases, food intake decreases.
- BWhen food intake decreases, activity increases.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
82Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include the fact that:
- Athe behavior typically occurs in the period immediately following consumption of the reinforcer.
- Bthe behavior is affected by the level of deprivation for the reinforcer.
- Cthere is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development.
- DAll of these are correct.
83When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel’s behavior to fetch marbles in the backyard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. As time passed, however, the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This is an example of:
- Aautoshaping.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Cnegative automaintenance.
- Dsign tracking.
84Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of adjunctive behavior?
- AIt typically occurs in the period preceding the consumption of the reinforcer.
- BIt is unaffected by the level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer.
- CThere is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development.
- DAll of these are correct.
85In terms of classical conditioning processes, the presence within a meal of a food item that has previously been associated with illness is likely to _____ the development of aversive associations to other items in the meal.
- Aovershadow
- Bblock
- Cassist
- Dfacilitate
86Variables involved in the creation of activity anorexia include:
- Aaccess to food for a limited amount of time each day.
- Baccess to an insufficient amount of food to maintain body weight.
- Cfew opportunities to exercise.
- DAll of these are correct.
87In keeping with the research on taste aversion conditioning, a good way to increase Jana’s preference for turnips would be to:
- Agive her a tasty dessert after she eats her turnips.
- Bgive her a tasty dessert before she eats her turnips.
- Csprinkle sugar on the turnips.
- Dfirst give her something that tastes even worse than turnips.
88The tendency for pigeons to peck at a light that has been associated with the noncontingent delivery of food is referred to as:
- Anegative automaintenance.
- Bautopecking.
- Cschedule-induced pecking.
- Dautoshaping.
89Jorge is repelled by the smell and taste of milk. For this reason, he avoids all milk products because he perceives any product that contains milk as aversive. This scenario is an example of _____.
- Astimulus generalization
- Blatent inhibition
- Covershadowing
- Dblocking
90Activity anorexia in rats seems to be most closely related to the _____ type of anorexia in humans.
- Arestricting
- Bbinge-eating
- Cneurotic
- Dpurging
91Adjunctive behavior in rats is most likely to develop at its highest level on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement at _____.
- AFT; 120 seconds
- BVT; 180 seconds
- CFI; 30 seconds
- DVR; 200 seconds
92While awaiting his turn at the doctor’s office, Gunther bites his nails continuously. This is an example of:
- Aresurgence.
- Bsign tracking.
- Cadjunctive behavior.
- Dspontaneous recovery.
93Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of adjunctive behavior in humans?
- AScratching
- BSneezing
- CDoodling on paper
- DFinger tapping
94A tendency toward activity anorexia likely has survival value for animals in that it facilitates:
- Athe establishment of a dominance hierarchy.
- Bthe lowering of cholesterol levels.
- Clocating a reliable and adequate food supply.
- Davoiding predators.
95Taste aversion conditioning differs from other types of classical conditioning in that aversions are formed despite very long delays between the:
- ANS and US.
- BUS and CR.
- CCS and CR.
- DCR and UR.
96Research on activity anorexia suggests that people who are intent on losing weight safely should:
- Aeat one large meal per day as opposed to several small meals.
- Bincrease their exercise levels slowly.
- Cfollow a low-protein diet.
- DAll of these are correct.
97As a form of adjunctive behavior, tea drinking might facilitate studying by enabling a student to:
- Aallow for the onset of withdrawal symptoms.
- Bremain in a setting in which reinforcers are relatively sparse.
- Cengage in a diversified range of behaviors.
- Drelease pent-up energy.
98In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, if Hamish suddenly increases the number of laps he swims each day, he is likely to experience:
- Aa strong urge to swim less.
- Ba decrease in food intake.
- Can increase in food intake.
- Da strong urge to stop reporting to work.
99In _____, the behavior that is being operantly conditioned is gradually supplanted by a classically conditioned fixed action pattern
- Asign tracking
- Binstinctive drift
- CCS-US relevance
- Dnegative automaintenance
100You train your dog to follow a targeting stick and reward him with food as a result of his success. After a few days, you notice that your dog occasionally licks the stick. This scenario is an example of:
- Aadjunctive behavior.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Csign tracking.
- DCS-US relevance.
101When the Brelands attempted to train a pig to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the _____ of rooting.
- AUS; UR
- BCS; CR
- CS D ; operant response
- DCS; operant response
102A tendency toward activity anorexia may have survival value because it would facilitate:
- Aescape from predators.
- Bfinding an appropriate mate.
- Cthe encountering of new food supplies.
- Dthe avoidance of poisonous food items.
103What time interval between the deliveries of food pellets will result in the greatest amount of drinking in a rat?
- A30 seconds
- B120 seconds
- C10 minutes
- D2 hours
104Which of the following is most likely an example of adjunctive behavior in humans that is commonly associated with periods of enforced waiting?
- ATaking a shower
- BNail biting
- CCrying
- DStudying
105When children are given candies with novel and distinctive flavors at the time of chemotherapy, they are less likely to _____. This is an application of scientific research on _____.
- Avomit; taste aversions
- Bdevelop taste aversions to their regular diet; CS-US relevance
- Cdevelop taste aversions to the candies; blocking
- Denjoy the candies; sensory preconditioning
106Which of the following characteristics of taste aversion conditioning makes it different from other forms of classical conditioning?
- AThe occurrence of conditioning to a broad range of stimuli in the setting
- BThe inability to create a conditioned response with only one conditioning trial
- CThe ability to form associations between the NS and US over a delay of several hours
- DAll of these are correct.
107Evidence that adjunctive processes contribute to drug abuse includes the fact that:
- Aschedule-induced polydipsia has been used to induce rats to drink excessive amounts of water containing drugs.
- Bdrug abuse is frequently found in settings that provide sparse levels of reinforcement.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
108According to research on activity anorexia, dieters who wish to lose weight safely should:
- Aeat several small meals per day.
- Bslowly increase their level of exercise.
- Ceat nutritionally well-balanced meals.
- DAll of these are correct.
109Under which schedule of food reinforcement would one be most likely to induce an animal to drink excessive amounts of water?
- AA fixed interval (FI) schedule
- BA variable ratio (VR) schedule
- CA variable interval (VI) schedule
- DA variable time (VT) schedule
110Autoshaping seems to provide evidence for:
- APavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory.
- Bthe Rescorla-Wagner theory.
- Cdrive reduction theory.
- Dthe Premack principle.
111In the context of adjunctive behavior as a displacement activity, it is suggested that people who succeed in quitting smoking are likely to:
- Afind a replacement activity.
- Bexhibit symptoms of instinctive drift.
- Cnotice a reduction in their self-control.
- Dparadoxically focus on the withdrawal symptoms.
112Epling and Pierce’s evolutionary explanation for activity anorexia is supported by the fact that _____ can often break the activity anorexia cycle.
- Aexposure to a constant food supply
- Bexposure to a dominant animal
- Cplacement in a danger-free zone
- Dexposure to low-cholesterol foods
113According to the concept of species-specific defense reaction, many avoidance responses are actually _____ rather than _____.
- Aelicited behaviors; operants
- Boperants; elicited behaviors
- Cpositively reinforced; negatively reinforced
- Dnegatively punished; negatively reinforced
114In negative automaintenance, sign tracking continues to occur even though it results in:
- Aa very small reinforcer.
- Ba secondary reinforcer.
- Cthe loss of a reinforcer.
- Dthe intermittent delivery of food.
115When Timberlake and Grant inserted a stimulus rat into a chamber just prior to the delivery of food, the participant rat:
- Adisplayed schedule-induced aggression toward it.
- Bavoided it.
- Cengaged in various forms of social behavior toward it.
- Dignored it.
116As a form of displacement activity, adjunctive behavior can be viewed as a natural tendency to:
- Ado something else while waiting for a reinforcer.
- Bavoid settings that have been associated with extinction.
- Cstore pent-up energy.
- Dexhibit helplessness as a result of prolonged frustration.
117Boer found that by adjusting the _____, he could precisely control the amount of wheel running.
- Anumber of breaks in between meals
- Bamount of food eaten by rats
- Cbehavioral patterns in rats
- Dlength of the meal period
118Adjunctive behavior:
- Atypically occurs in the period immediately following consumption of an intermittent reinforcer.
- Bcannot function as a reinforcer for other behaviors.
- Cdecreases as the level of deprivation for the reinforcer increases.
- DAll of these are correct.
119Based on Jenkins & Moore’s experiment on autoshaping, the fact that pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of:
- Aadjunctive processes.
- Bthe behavioral bliss point approach.
- CPavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory.
- Dthe response deprivation hypothesis.
120One of the distinguishing characteristics of adjunctive behavior is that:
- Ait is inversely related to the level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer.
- Bit occurs prior to the consumption of the scheduled reinforcer.
- Cit can function as a reinforcer for other behaviors.
- Dit is more likely to occur on VI than FI schedules of reinforcement.
121Janice develops symptoms of a gastrointestinal illness while driving home a few hours after eating a meal at a restaurant. As a result, she is most likely to develop an aversion to:
- Athe act of driving.
- Bthe car she is driving.
- Cthe music that was being played during the meal.
- Da food item that she ate during the meal.
122Adjunctive behavior is also called _____ behavior.
- Asecondary
- Bancillary
- Cschedule-induced
- Dsign-tracked
123Etscorn and Stephens found that rats could develop taste aversions to flavored water that had been ingested up to _____ before they were injected with an illness-inducing drug.
- A2 minutes
- B90 minutes
- C3 hours
- D24 hours
124Which of the following statements is true of activity anorexia?
- AIt is characterized by an abnormally high level of activity.
- BIt involves a high level of food intake.
- CIt is generated through exposure to a rich feeding schedule.
- DAll of these are correct.
125Two-year- old Sarah likes to snuggle up to the pillow that her mother uses. This seems most similar to the phenomenon of:
- Aadjunctive behavior.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Csign tracking.
- Dovershadowing.
126A displacement activity is likely to be displayed when an animal is:
- Aconfronted by conflict.
- Bthwarted from attaining a goal.
- Csuccessful at attaining its goal.
- DBoth a and b are correct.
127When rats involved in Boer’s study were given 15 grams of food once each day, they developed typical activity anorexia. When they were given 18 grams of food each day, what happened to them?
- AThey developed bulimia.
- BThey maintained a healthy weight.
- CThey ran twice as much on the wheel.
- DThey became obese.
128If it has not progressed too far, the activity anorexia cycle in rats can most effectively be broken by:
- Afeeding them for one 60-minute session per day.
- Bproviding them with unrestricted access to food.
- Cproviding them with continuous access to water.
- Dfeeding them only if they maintain a low activity level.
129An apparently irrelevant behavior pattern that is sometimes displayed during a period of conflict is known as:
- Asign tracking.
- Ba displacement activity.
- Cinstinctive drift.
- Dthe latent inhibition phenomenon.
130Which of the following is true of the activity anorexia cycle?
- AWhen activity increases, food intake increases.
- BWhen food intake increases, activity increases.
- CBoth a and b are correct.
- DNeither a nor b is correct.
131Sign tracking is the tendency of an organism to:
- Aapproach a stimulus that is associated with an appetitive event.
- Bnotice a stimulus associated with an appetitive event.
- Cpay attention to an S D .
- DBoth b and c are correct.
132In Garcia and Koelling’s experiment on taste aversion conditioning, the foot shock received by the rats serves as the:
- AUS.
- BCS.
- CS D .
- DS ∆ .
133When the Brelands attempted to train a raccoon to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the raccoon’s behavior of rubbing it between its paws.
- AS D
- BS R
- CUS
- DCS
134An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior is known as:
- Abehavioral drift.
- Binstinctive drift.
- Cadjunctive behavior.
- Dsign tracking.
135From a behavior systems theory perspective, a dog’s tendency to nip at people who attempt to take away its food:
- Ais simply a behavior that has been negatively reinforced by the removal of a person’s hand.
- Bprobably indicates something about its self-perceived social status within the household.
- Cis best eliminated through punishment.
- Dmost likely indicates the generalized activation of the dog’s predatory system in the presence of food.
136Which of the following concepts suggests that it will be more difficult to train a dog to run away from you to earn food than to run toward you to earn food?
- ASign tracking
- BCS-US relevance
- CAdjunctive behavior
- DOvershadowing
137A good strategy for increasing a child’s preference for a disliked food item is to:
- Areward the child for eating it by following it with a tasty dessert.
- Bsprinkle the food item with sugar.
- Callow the child to eat dessert prior to eating the disliked item.
- Dprecede the disliked item with something that tastes even worse.
138Cassie became ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of plain mashed potatoes and spicy hot wings. She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to ____ .
- Amashed potatoes
- Bspicy hot wings
- Cboth mashed potatoes and hot wings
- DNeither mashed potatoes nor hot wings
139A dog feels a severe pain in its front paws while chewing on a biscuit and lying on its new bed. Given the results of the Garcia and Koelling experiment, which of the following stimuli would the dog most likely begin to fear?
- AFood that tastes like the biscuit
- BIts new bed
- CIts owner
- DThe sound of the television coming from the other room
Informações
- Descrição
- Social Science Quiz sobre Chapter 12, criado por Isis Haynes em 11-03-2018.
- Autor
- Isis Haynes
- Idioma
- English
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