Quiz
Axial Skeleton
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Perguntas do quiz (26)
1Cervical Spine:
- [blank_start]7[blank_end] cervical vertebrae
- [blank_start]3rd[blank_end], [blank_start]4th[blank_end] + [blank_start]5th[blank_end] have no specific identifying features
- other 4 have [blank_start]specific[blank_end] [blank_start]characteristics[blank_end] that enable [blank_start]radiographic[blank_end] [blank_start]recognition[blank_end]- A7
- B6
- C8
- D3rd
- E4th
- F5th
- Gspecific
- Hcharacteristics
- Iradiographic
- Jrecognition
- K1st
- L2nd
- M6th
2C1:
- [blank_start]Atlas[blank_end]
- has no [blank_start]body[blank_end] or [blank_start]articular[blank_end] [blank_start]processes[blank_end]
- develops in [blank_start]two[blank_end] [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]halves[blank_end] which gradually [blank_start]ossify[blank_end]
- [blank_start]ventrodorsal[blank_end] view of atlas in [blank_start]foal[blank_end] = [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] [blank_start]lucent[blank_end] [blank_start]line[blank_end] will exist between two halves- AAtlas
- BAxis
- Cbody
- Darticular
- Eprocesses
- Ftwo
- Glateral
- Hhalves
- Iossify
- Jventrodorsal
- Kfoal
- Ladult
- Mlongitudinal
- Nlucent
- Oline
3C2:
- [blank_start]Axis[blank_end]
- [blank_start]separate[blank_end] [blank_start]centres[blank_end] of [blank_start]ossification[blank_end] for the dens, head, body + caudal epiphysis
- the [blank_start]dens[blank_end] [blank_start]fuses[blank_end] with the [blank_start]head[blank_end] at approx [blank_start]7[blank_end] months
- [blank_start]cranial[blank_end] [blank_start]borders[blank_end] of the arches have [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]vertebral[blank_end] [blank_start]foramina[blank_end]
- [blank_start]incomplete[blank_end] in young horses + appear as a [blank_start]notch[blank_end] which may [blank_start]ossify[blank_end] with age or remain incomplete
- occasionally a [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]bony[blank_end] [blank_start]spur[blank_end] is seen on the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] aspect of the caudal epiphysis- AAxis
- BAtlas
- Cseparate
- Dcentres
- Eossification
- Fdens
- Ghead
- H7
- Ifuses
- Jcranial
- Kborders
- Llateral
- Mvertebral
- Nforamina
- Oincomplete
- Pnotch
- Qossify
- Rsmall
- Sbony
- Tspur
- Udorsal
4C3-C5:
- no specific [blank_start]identifying[blank_end] [blank_start]features[blank_end]
- [blank_start]long[blank_end] [blank_start]body[blank_end] compared to other vertebrae
- ventral surface has a [blank_start]medial[blank_end] [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] [blank_start]crest[blank_end]
- dorsal surface has a [blank_start]flat[blank_end] [blank_start]central[blank_end] [blank_start]area[blank_end] = the attachment of the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] [blank_start]ligament[blank_end]
- [blank_start]subtle[blank_end] [blank_start]malformations[blank_end] of [blank_start]vertebral[blank_end] [blank_start]bodies[blank_end] can be [blank_start]easily[blank_end] [blank_start]missed[blank_end]- Aidentifying
- Bfeatures
- Clong
- Dbody
- Eshort
- Fmedial
- Gventral
- Hcrest
- Iflat
- Jcentral
- Karea
- Ldorsal
- Mlongitudinal
- Nligament
- Osubtle
- Pmalformations
- Qvertebral
- Rbodies
- Seasily
- Tmissed
5C6-C7:
- [blank_start]C6[blank_end] shorter than C5, [blank_start]C7[blank_end] shorter than C6
- C6 has [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] [blank_start]process[blank_end] split into [blank_start]cranial[blank_end], [blank_start]caudal[blank_end] + [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] part
- [blank_start]extra[blank_end] ventral [blank_start]lamina[blank_end] may sometimes be [blank_start]unilaterally[blank_end] or [blank_start]bilaterally[blank_end] [blank_start]transposed[blank_end] onto ventral [blank_start]surface[blank_end] of C7 or more rarely onto [blank_start]C5[blank_end]
- ventral processes of C6 may have [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]centres[blank_end] of [blank_start]ossification[blank_end] at caudal limits
- C7 has small [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] [blank_start]spinous[blank_end] process which may be fairly [blank_start]prominent[blank_end]
- [blank_start]T1[blank_end] recognised by [blank_start]large[blank_end] dorsal spinous process- AC6
- BC7
- Ctransverse
- Dprocess
- Ecranial
- Fcaudal
- Gventral
- Hextra
- Ilamina
- Junilaterally
- Kbilaterally
- Ltransposed
- Msurface
- NC5
- Osmall
- Pcentres
- Qossification
- Rdorsal
- Sspinous
- Tprominent
- Ularge
- VT1
6What are the presenting signs of neck pain?
- Aneck stiffness
- Bneck pain
- Cneck "locking"
- Dacute trauma
- Echronic trauma
- Fpoor performance
- Gproblems performing specific manoeuvres
- Hataxia = usually low grade
- Iataxia = usually severe
- Jforelimb lameness
7Examination of the neck:
1. [blank_start]visualisation[blank_end]
- "[blank_start]natural[blank_end]" position
- [blank_start]lowered[blank_end] [blank_start]head[blank_end] [blank_start]carriage[blank_end]/extended neck with pain
- position of limbs/[blank_start]gait[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]palpation[blank_end]
- [blank_start]symmetry[blank_end]/presence of [blank_start]atrophy[blank_end]
- [blank_start]pain[blank_end] on palpation
- [blank_start]fasciculations[blank_end]/spasm
3. [blank_start]range[blank_end] of [blank_start]motion[blank_end]
- [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] [blank_start]flexion[blank_end]/flexion + extension in [blank_start]axial[blank_end] plane
4. [blank_start]neurological[blank_end] examination
5. [blank_start]dynamic[blank_end] examination
- walk/trot/lunge/[blank_start]ridden[blank_end]
- rule out [blank_start]lameness[blank_end], back problems, [blank_start]tack[blank_end], dentistry- Avisualisation
- Bnatural
- Clowered
- Dhead
- Ecarriage
- Fgait
- Gpalpation
- Hsymmetry
- Iatrophy
- Jpain
- Kfasciculations
- Lrange
- Mmotion
- Nlateral
- Oflexion
- Paxial
- Qneurological
- Rdynamic
- Sridden
- Tlameness
- Utack
8Which of the following are common conditions of the neck?
- Adevelopmental
- Btrauma
- Cneoplasia
- Dcongenital malformations
- Edegenerative
- Finfectious
9Cervical Vertebral Malformation - "Wobblers"
- [blank_start]developmental[blank_end] [blank_start]orthopaedic[blank_end] disease
- [blank_start]multifactorial[blank_end] aetiology
- results in varying spectrums of [blank_start]malformation[blank_end] of bones
- WB, [blank_start]TB[blank_end] predisposed
- if changes are [blank_start]marked[blank_end] = often identified as [blank_start]young[blank_end] horses [blank_start]1-4[blank_end] yrs old
- if [blank_start]mild[blank_end] = can sometimes [blank_start]manage[blank_end] for many years ([blank_start]OA[blank_end], ataxia, pain can all develop much [blank_start]later[blank_end] in life)- Adevelopmental
- Borthopaedic
- Cmultifactorial
- Dmalformation
- ETB
- Fmarked
- Gyoung
- H1-4
- I1-2
- J4-5
- Kmild
- Lmanage
- MOA
- Nlater
10Osteoarthritis/arthropathy:
- aetiology = [blank_start]age[blank_end], CVM, previous [blank_start]trauma[blank_end]
- [blank_start]cartilage[blank_end] [blank_start]erosion[blank_end] + [blank_start]subchondral[blank_end] bone [blank_start]sclerosis[blank_end]
- [blank_start]periarticular[blank_end] [blank_start]osteophytosis[blank_end] = facet [blank_start]enlargement[blank_end], medial [blank_start]encroachment[blank_end]
- synovial [blank_start]cysts[blank_end]/soft tissue [blank_start]hypertrophy[blank_end] = intermittent, severe signs?
- [blank_start]nerve[blank_end] [blank_start]root[blank_end] [blank_start]impingement[blank_end] = [blank_start]forelimb[blank_end] lameness at sixth and/or seventh cervical nerves- Aage
- Btrauma
- Ccartilage
- Derosion
- Esubchondral
- Fsclerosis
- Gperiarticular
- Hosteophytosis
- Ienlargement
- Jencroachment
- Kcysts
- Lhypertrophy
- Mnerve
- Nroot
- Oimpingement
- Pforelimb
- Qhindlimb
11Treatment Options - Dorsal Articular Facet Arthropathy:
1. [blank_start]NSAIDs[blank_end]
- [blank_start]phenylbutazone[blank_end], suxibuzone
2. [blank_start]intra[blank_end]-[blank_start]articular[blank_end] medication
- [blank_start]corticosteroids[blank_end], hyaluranon
3. [blank_start]physiotherapy[blank_end]
- [blank_start]stretching[blank_end], exercise
4. [blank_start]exercise[blank_end]
- [blank_start]loose[blank_end] [blank_start]rein[blank_end] schooling, working- Aphenylbutazone
- BNSAIDs
- Cintra
- Darticular
- Ecorticosteroids
- Fphysiotherapy
- Gstretching
- Hexercise
- Iloose
- Jrein
12Fractures - Prognosis:
- dependent on [blank_start]location[blank_end], configuration, [blank_start]open[blank_end] vs closed, single or [blank_start]polyostotic[blank_end]
- many are [blank_start]not[blank_end] [blank_start]treatable[blank_end]
- [blank_start]conservative[blank_end] treatment is often only [blank_start]realistic[blank_end] chance
- [blank_start]surgical[blank_end] repair- Alocation
- Bopen
- Cpolyostotic
- Dnot
- Etreatable
- Fconservative
- Grealistic
- Hsurgical
13Rare Conditions:
- [blank_start]neoplasia[blank_end] = primary or secondary
- [blank_start]bone[blank_end] [blank_start]cysts[blank_end]
- [blank_start]congenital[blank_end] [blank_start]abnormalities[blank_end] of the bones
- [blank_start]spina[blank_end] [blank_start]bifida[blank_end]
- [blank_start]butterfly[blank_end] vertebrae/hemi-vertebrae
- [blank_start]prognosis[blank_end] depends on [blank_start]extent[blank_end] of [blank_start]malformation[blank_end] + possible [blank_start]neurological[blank_end] [blank_start]deficits[blank_end] = [blank_start]management[blank_end] only rather than [blank_start]cure[blank_end]
- as with CVM these may present [blank_start]acutely[blank_end] or surprisingly [blank_start]later[blank_end] in life- Aneoplasia
- Bbone
- Ccysts
- Dcongenital
- Eabnormalities
- Fspina
- Gbifida
- Hbutterfly
- Iprognosis
- Jextent
- Kmalformation
- Lneurological
- Mdeficits
- Nmanagement
- Ocure
- Pacutely
- Qlater
14Traumatic/degenerative conditions are the most common categories of disease of the thoracolumbar spine in horses
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
15What are the presenting signs of back pain?
- Apoor performance
- Bbehavioural changes
- Cuncomfortable when ridden
- Dlameness
- Estiffness in the back
- Fswelling
- Gback spasms
- Hdifficulty being tacked up
- Ibucking/rearing
16Static Physical Examination:
1. [blank_start]conformation[blank_end] + [blank_start]body[blank_end] [blank_start]condition[blank_end]
- overall
- [blank_start]specific[blank_end] to the back
- [blank_start]lordosis[blank_end] = swayback
- [blank_start]kyphosis[blank_end] = roachback
- [blank_start]scoliosis[blank_end] = lateral deviation
2. obvious [blank_start]swellings[blank_end]
- [blank_start]fractured[blank_end] withers/acute [blank_start]supraspinous[blank_end] [blank_start]desmitis[blank_end]/muscle [blank_start]haematoma[blank_end]/[blank_start]poor[blank_end] [blank_start]fitting[blank_end] saddle
3. presence of [blank_start]white[blank_end] [blank_start]hairs[blank_end]
- may represent poor saddle fit especially [blank_start]behind[blank_end] [blank_start]withers[blank_end]- Aconformation
- Bbody
- Ccondition
- Dspecific
- Elordosis
- Fkyphosis
- Gscoliosis
- Hswellings
- Ifractured
- Jsupraspinous
- Kdesmitis
- Lhaematoma
- Mpoor
- Nfitting
- Owhite
- Phairs
- Qbehind
- Rwithers
17Which of the following are abnormal reactions seen during palpation of the back?
- Aears back
- Bears forward
- Cteeth grinding
- Dbiting
- Ekicking
- Ftail swishing
- Gmuscle fasciculations
- Hguarding or splinting of back in anticipation
- Ibucking
- Jrearing
18Flexion of the back:
- use [blank_start]blunt[blank_end] object
- [blank_start]cranial[blank_end] to [blank_start]caudal[blank_end] then [blank_start]lateral[blank_end]
1. thoracolumbar [blank_start]extension[blank_end] then thoracolumbar [blank_start]flexion[blank_end]
2. lateral [blank_start]excursion[blank_end] [blank_start]away[blank_end] from [blank_start]stimulus[blank_end] ([blank_start]lateroflexion[blank_end])
- note [blank_start]breed[blank_end] [blank_start]differences[blank_end]- Ablunt
- Bsharp
- Ccranial
- Dcaudal
- Elateral
- Fextension
- Gflexion
- Hexcursion
- Iaway
- Jstimulus
- Klateroflexion
- Lbreed
- Mdifferences
19Physical Examination - Dynamic:
- most useful on the [blank_start]lunge[blank_end] for back examination
- [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] [blank_start]fasciculations[blank_end]/spasms/guarding/[blank_start]splinting[blank_end]
- [blank_start]breaking[blank_end] into [blank_start]canter[blank_end]
- [blank_start]head[blank_end] held [blank_start]forward[blank_end]/neck [blank_start]extended[blank_end]
- [blank_start]lack[blank_end] of [blank_start]hindlimb[blank_end] [blank_start]impulsion[blank_end]
- under saddle/[blank_start]ridden[blank_end] = care- Alunge
- Bmuscle
- Cfasciculations
- Dsplinting
- Ebreaking
- Fcanter
- Ghead
- Hforward
- Iextended
- Jlack
- Khindlimb
- Limpulsion
- Mridden
20What are the diagnostic imaging methods for investigating back problems?
- Aradiography
- BMRI
- CCT
- Dultrasonography
- Escintigraphy
- Fcontrast radiography
21Fractures of the Withers:
- [blank_start]trauma[blank_end] = horse falling over [blank_start]backwards[blank_end]
- rest = [blank_start]2-3[blank_end] [blank_start]months[blank_end] [blank_start]box[blank_end] [blank_start]rest[blank_end]
- [blank_start]NSAIDs[blank_end]
- [blank_start]fibrous[blank_end] union = [blank_start]long[blank_end] [blank_start]term[blank_end] outcome [blank_start]fair/good[blank_end]
- [blank_start]secondary[blank_end] complications
1. pain
2. [blank_start]FL[blank_end] [blank_start]lameness[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]discharging[blank_end] tract
4. resentment of [blank_start]saddling[blank_end]- Atrauma
- B2-3
- Cmonths
- Dbox
- Erest
- Fbackwards
- GNSAIDs
- Hfibrous
- Ilong
- Jterm
- K4-6
- Lfair/good
- Mpoor/hopeless
- Nsecondary
- OFL
- Plameness
- QHL
- Rdischarging
- Ssaddling
22Saddle Induced Trauma:
- recognise [blank_start]early[blank_end] = prevent saddle [blank_start]sores[blank_end]/[blank_start]deep[blank_end] [blank_start]bruising[blank_end]
- identify any [blank_start]dry[blank_end] [blank_start]spot[blank_end] under saddle [blank_start]after[blank_end] [blank_start]riding[blank_end]
= indicates [blank_start]excessive[blank_end] [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]
= often see [blank_start]hair[blank_end] [blank_start]loss[blank_end]/[blank_start]swelling[blank_end]/increased sensitivity
= [blank_start]unilateral[blank_end]/bilateral
- treatment
= rest/[blank_start]ice[blank_end]
= [blank_start]ultrasound[blank_end] therapy
= [blank_start]low[blank_end]-[blank_start]powered[blank_end] [blank_start]laser[blank_end] for [blank_start]indolent[blank_end] wounds
= correct [blank_start]inciting[blank_end] cause- Aearly
- Bsores
- Cdeep
- Dbruising
- Edry
- Fspot
- Gafter
- Hriding
- Iexcessive
- Jpressure
- Khair
- Lloss
- Mswelling
- Nunilateral
- Oice
- Pultrasound
- Qlow
- Rpowered
- Slaser
- Tindolent
- Uinciting
- Vhigh
23Ligament Damage:
- usually [blank_start]supraspinous[blank_end] [blank_start]ligament[blank_end]
1. signs
- [blank_start]rigid[blank_end] gait/head [blank_start]elevated[blank_end]/reduced [blank_start]stride[blank_end]
- [blank_start]heat[blank_end]/pain/[blank_start]swelling[blank_end] (acute)
- [blank_start]thickening[blank_end] (chronic)
2. diagnosis = [blank_start]ultrasound[blank_end]
3. treatment
- acute = [blank_start]cold[blank_end] [blank_start]compress[blank_end]/NSAIDs/[blank_start]rest[blank_end]
- chronic = [blank_start]physiotherapy[blank_end]- Asupraspinous
- Bligament
- Crigid
- Delevated
- Estride
- Fheat
- Gswelling
- Hthickening
- Iultrasound
- Jcold
- Kcompress
- Lrest
- Mphysiotherapy
24Impingement of the Dorsal Spinous Processes:
- [blank_start]common[blank_end] finding
- probable [blank_start]conformational[blank_end] as well as [blank_start]degenerative[blank_end] underlying aetiology
- diagnosis = confirm [blank_start]significance[blank_end], [blank_start]intra[blank_end]-[blank_start]lesional[blank_end] [blank_start]LA[blank_end], [blank_start]exclude[blank_end] other causes of pain first- Acommon
- Brare
- Cconformational
- Ddegenerative
- Esignificance
- Fintra
- Glesional
- HLA
- Iexclude
25Impinging Dorsal Spinous Processes:
1. medical/[blank_start]conservative[blank_end] treatment
- [blank_start]PBZ[blank_end]
- [blank_start]shockwave[blank_end] therapy, [blank_start]physiotherapy[blank_end]
- removal of [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] [blank_start]spinous[blank_end] [blank_start]processes[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]surgical[blank_end] treatment
- remove [blank_start]all[blank_end] or [blank_start]part[blank_end] of the [blank_start]affected[blank_end] DSPs
- good [blank_start]case[blank_end] [blank_start]selection[blank_end]
- [blank_start]+ve[blank_end] LA, XR, scintigraphy
- [blank_start]-ve[blank_end] US/other lesions
- [blank_start]72%[blank_end] success rate- Aconservative
- BPBZ
- Cshockwave
- Dphysiotherapy
- Edorsal
- Fspinous
- Gprocesses
- Hsurgical
- Iall
- Jpart
- Kaffected
- Lcase
- Mselection
- N+ve
- O-ve
- P72%
- Q52%
26Dorsal Articular Facet Arthropathy - "Spine Arthritis":
- diagnosis = confirm with [blank_start]diagnostic[blank_end] [blank_start]analgesia[blank_end] + rule [blank_start]other[blank_end] [blank_start]causes[blank_end] out
- treatment options
1. [blank_start]light[blank_end] plane of [blank_start]work[blank_end] +/- [blank_start]NSAIDs[blank_end]
2. [blank_start]oral[blank_end] [blank_start]supplements[blank_end]
3. [blank_start]physiotherapy[blank_end] (secondary [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] [blank_start]pain[blank_end])
4. [blank_start]ESWT[blank_end]
5. [blank_start]US[blank_end]-[blank_start]guided[blank_end] [blank_start]periarticular[blank_end] injections
- prognosis = usually [blank_start]guarded[blank_end]- Adiagnostic
- Banalgesia
- Cother
- Dcauses
- Elight
- Fwork
- GNSAIDs
- Horal
- Isupplements
- Jphysiotherapy
- Kmuscle
- Lpain
- MESWT
- NUS
- Oguided
- Pperiarticular
- Qguarded
- Rgood
Informações
- Descrição
- 4th Year Equine (Orthopaedics) Quiz sobre Axial Skeleton, criado por Rhiannon Llwyd em 03-02-2021.
- Autor
- Rhiannon Llwyd
- Idioma
- English
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