Flashcards
The Axial Skeleton (Lab material)
Flashcards do conjunto (22)
- 1The Axial Skeleton: General Characteristics The axial skeleton it that part of the skeletal system that is at the ____ of the body’s vertical axis. It includes the ___, _____ _____, _____ and _____. As already discussed, the skull and vertebral column _____ the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the vertebral column is important to _____ and ____. Thus, it has many attachments to _____. The skull has too many functions to recount, but a short list includes: feeding, breathing, seeing, hearing, smelling, and tasting.center
skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
protect
posture, locomotion
muscles - 2The Axial Skeleton: General Characteristics The ribs and sternum are also protective to the organs of the _____ cavity. Through their movements they also play an important role in _____ the lungs. There are 5 regions that consist of anatomically distinct vertebrae: _____, _____, ____, ____, and ______. Notice, vertebral column is has several curves. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ____ from a posterior perspective, while the thoracic and sacral curvatures are _____.thoracic, ventilating
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
concave
convex - 3The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics The vertebral column is composed of about __ vertebrae and the intervertebral discs that are found between them. There are _ regions that consist of anatomically distinct vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Notice, vertebral column is has several curves. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ___ from a posterior perspective, while the thoracic and sacral curvatures are ____.33
5
concave
convex - 4The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics Vertebrae: _____: the weight bearing region of the vertebra. They become ____ in the lower regions of the vertebral column and bear more of the body’s weight. ______ ______: location of the spinal cord _____ and _____ processes: sites of muscle attachments. _____ _____: form joints with articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. ____ movement of vertebral column. ________ ______: above and below the pedicles of each vertebra a notch is carved out that allows for the passage of a _____ _____Body
larger
Vertebral foramen
Spinous & transverse
Articular processes
restrict
Intervertebral foramina
spinal nerve - 5The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics GUTS Vertebra or vertebrae? Pedicle Lamina Articular ProcessVertebra or vertebrae? Just an ‘a’ is singular; ‘ae’ is pleural. There’s no consensus on how to say these. Try ending the words “bra” (singular) or “bray” (pleural)
Pedicle = foot. The pedicle is the foot or base to the arch that surrounds the spinal cord
Lamina = plate
Articular = referring to a joint
Process = any sticky-outy thing in anatomy-speak - 6The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae ____ cervical vertebra allow great flexibility in the ____. A ____ _____ easily identifies these vertebrae and allows passage of the vertebral artery, a significant blood supply to the brain.7
neck
transverse foramen - 7The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae The Atlas and Axis: The first cervical vertebrae (C1) is the ___. It has no vertebral ____, and serves to articulate with the skull. Movement between the skull and C1 is in the sagittal plane (move your head as ___ ____ __). The ___ below (C2) is also unique among cervical vertebrae. It has a projection called the ___ (also called the odontoid process) that fits into the large vertebral foramen of ___. The dens prevents C1 from ____ posteriorly, and allows ____ (shaking your head ‘no’) between C1 and C2.atlas
body
when nodding ‘yes’
axis
dens
slipping
rotation - 8The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae C3-C7: The remaining cervical vertebrae are similar to one another. C7 is often called ‘vertebra _____’ because of its long ____ process. In most people this can be easily identified by palpation.prominens
spinous - 9The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae GUTs dens Atlasdens (odontoid) = tooth-like
Atlas = In Greek mythology, Atlas was the titan who held up the celestial spheres...like your head - 10The Vertebral Column: Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae: The most distinguishing characteristic of the __ thoracic vertebrae is their articulation with ___. Small costovertebral joints are formed on the body of the vertebra and on the transverse process. Small cartilaginous pads, ____, mark the articulations. Also distinguishing are the very long ____ sloping ___ _____.12
RIBS
facets
downward
spinous processes - 11The Vertebral Column: Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae: The ____ vertebral bodies are found on the lumbar vertebrae. __ in number, these vertebrae support a large amount of your body’s weight. As such, they have the largest vertebral bodies. They have __ articulation with ribs and have strong, ___, and ___ transverse and spinous processes.largest
5
no
short & stout
*no costal facets, articular facets oriented medially and laterally - 12The Vertebral Column: Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae The Sacrum: ___ sacral vertebral bodies ___ during development. The superior aspect of the sacrum contains articular processes that connect the sacrum to L5. The spinous processes likewise fuse to form the ___ ____ ___. The transverse processes also fuse producing a pair of large “wings,” the ___. The spinal nerve (cauda equina) travel through the vertebral canal, here called the ___ canal. Anteriorly and posteriorly, the ventral and dorsal rami exit through the 5 pairs of anterior and posterior sacral foramina. The Coccyx __ to __ tail vertebrae fuse to form the ___, the coccyx.Five
fuse
median sacral crest
alae
sacral
3-5
tailbone - 13The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs The thoracic cage forms a ____ yet rigid structure that is important to the ____ of the lungs and essential in anchoring the borders of the _____. The Sternum: __ components comprise the sternum, the ____, ___, and ____ ____ Most of the ribs attach directly or indirectly to the sternum. The sternal ___ is the line of fusion between the ____ and ____, and can be palpated easily in most people. The xiphoid process can also be felt, although it can be best noted upon inspiration.flexible
ventilation
diaphragm
3
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
angle
manubrium & body - 14The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs Ribs: Posteriorly, each rib has a ___ for articulation with the costal ___ of a ____ vertebral body. The head tapers to a ___. In this region, a ____ is present that articulates with the costal facet of a thoracic vertebra’s ____ process. Anteriorly, the ribs terminate in a costal ____ that spans the gap to the sternum. Classification of Ribs: ___ ribs: ribs _-_ articulate directly (via their own costal cartilage) with the sternum. __ ribs: ribs _-_ do not directly attach to the sternum. Some connect to other costal cartilages while others do not connect to the sternum at all. The later are often referred to as ____ ribs (ribs _ & _).head
facet
thoracic
neck
tubercle
transverse
cartilage
True
1-7
False
8-12
Floating
11&12 - 15The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs GUTSs Tubercle?Tubercle = a bump.
A very common osteological term. Don’t forget it! A tubercle is very often the location of muscular attachment - 16The Cranium: Overview of Major Structures One aspect of the skull that we will not spend much time on is the cranial foramina. Should be able to identify: Supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina: CN? Optic canal: CN? Superior orbital fissure: CN? Foramen magnum: ? Internal acoustic meatus: CN?CN V; sensory nerves to the face
CN II
nerves/vessels to eye muscles, glands
spinal cord
CNVIII - 17The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Broadly defined, the cranium consists of the bones surrounding the ___, forming the face, the jaws, the middle ear bones, and the ___ bone and laryngeal cartilages. The ___ is that portion of the cranium concerned with protecting the brain and forming the face and jaws.brain
hyoid
Skull - 18The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Cranial ____ form where adjacent bones fuse during development. In adults, only some of these sutures remain visible. In the fetus, large voids exist at these sutures to allow _____ of the skull, even the overlapping of bones, during parturition. Locate the squamous, coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures.sutures
deformation - 19The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Cranial cavity: The brain is housed within the large ___ cavity. Several important structures are worth noting within the cavity: _____ ____: part of the ethmoid bone that allows the passage of CN I from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb ____ ____: sitting at the center of the skull, it houses the pituitary gland and the sphenoid sinus, forms the ____ processes for attachment of jaw muscles, and borders the orbit, cranial, and nasal cavities. *It is visible from nearly any internal or external view of the skull!* _____ ____: the part of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland. Its name means “Turkish saddle” _____ ____: the brainstem exits the skull at this largest foramen (= hole) of the skull ____ _____ _____: a passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the braincranial
Cribriform plate
Sphenoid bone
pterygoid
Sella turcica
Foramen magnum - 20The Cranium: Specific Regions of the Skull The Orbit: The eye, extraocular muscles, and associated neurovascular structures are housed in the boney structure known as the ____. Note the 6 bones that form the orbit. Oral cavity: The roof of the oral cavity’s hard palate is formed by the ____ and ____ bones.orbit
Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Lacrimal
(I'm FELSZ eM)
maxillary
palatine - 21The Cranium: Specific Regions of the Skull Nasal cavity: The __ nasal cavities are located beneath the cranial cavity, and above the oral cavity. They are separated from each other by a median nasal septum (____ & _____). Nasal ____ are bony spirals that project into the nasal cavities from their ethmoid bone. As air passes through and over these coils during ventilation, it is humidified and ____ by the ample mucous membranes. ______ _____: small cavities within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity. __-filled and lined with mucous membranes, the sinuses are connected to the nasal cavities.two
ethmoid & vomer
Conchae
warmed
Paranasal sinuses
Air - 22The Hyoid Bone The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone that is ___ articulated with any other bone, but instead ____ below the _____. It is held with ligamentous attachments to the ____ ____ of the skull and to the ____. It is also the attachment of well over a dozen muscles including those of the ____. It’s purpose is to allow for muscular control of ______, _____, and ____ processes.NOT
floats
mandible
styloid process
larynx
tongue
pharyngeal
laryngeal
lingual