Flashcards
Communication & Cultures | AS Flashcards
Flashcards do conjunto (66)
- 1Codesmeaning systems consisting of signs.
- 2CommunicationA process through which meaning are exchanged.
- 3ContextThe situation within which communication takes place.
- 4CultureA particular way of life which expresses certain meanings and values.
- 5IdentityThe sense we have of ourselves, which we 'represent' 'elsewhere': a persons social meaning.
- 6PowerControl and influence over other people and their actions.
- 7RepresentationRefers to the construction in any medium of aspects of 'reality' such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts.
- 8ValueThe worth, importance, or usefulness of something to somebody.
- 9BiasA way of privileging one argument or interest over another based on personal feeling rather than rational argument.
- 10Cultural PractiseThe things people do in everyday life - such as greeting each other.
- 11Cultural ProductThe that we encounter in our daily lives.
- 12Elite CultureThe culture of those with power and influence.
- 13High CultureAccording to Arnold 'the best that has been thought and said': Art, literature and Music.
- 14Popular (Low Culture)The products and practises of everyday life as practised and valued by ordinary people.
- 15Youth CultureThe cultural products of the young.
- 16EthnicityA term which represents social groups with a shared history, sense of identity, geography and cultural roots which may occur despite racial difference.
- 17GenderRefers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and conventions that govern the way we live our lives.
- 18Meanings and Practices of Everyday Life (MPEL)The codes and conventions that govern the way we live our lives.
- 19Social ClassAny category based on power, wealth or income.
- 20SocialisationAll of the processes through which we are included into society.
- 21StereotypeA stereotype is a simplified and generalised image of a group of people which is created by values, judgements and assumptions of its creations.
- 22AesthticsIs commonly known as the study of judgements of sentiment and taste. Studies show the ways of perceiving the world and seeks to determine what is valid to be beauty.
- 23Folk CultureThe localised lifestyle of a culture. It is usually handed down through oral tradition relates to a sense of community and demonstrates the 'old ways' over novelty.
- 24Mass CultureLiterally culture made by and for the masses.
- 25HegemonyAntonio Gramsci - why the majority of people in culture do/do not adopt the values and beliefs of their own class. dominant way in which most people are suppose to think or believe.
- 26Preferred ReadingThe reading a text's producer would like receivers to make.
- 27AccentA way of pronouncing words that indicated the place of origin or social background of the speaker.
- 28AppearanceThe way somebody or something looks or seems to other people: an outward aspect of somebody or something that creates a particular impression.
- 29Bodily AdornmentAll the ways in which 'furnish' and decorate the body (clothing, jewellery, make-up, tattooing etc).
- 30DialectA type of language use specific to a particular area within the country.
- 31Facial ExperessionThe use of the face as an expressive instrument or communication.
- 32GestureA movement with a part of the body in order to express meaning or emotion or to communicate an instruction.
- 33Ideal SelfThe kind of person we would like to be.
- 34IdiolectAn individuals personal language register, it encompasses all our experience and knowledge or language. The idiolect consists not only the vocabulary but also conventions of performance.
- 35IntercationCommunication between or joint activity involving two or more people.
- 36KinesicsBody movement such as gesture, facial expression, posture, head nodding, orientation. (Lieing - subconsciously hide the mouth.)
- 37Non-Verbal CommunicationAll communication other than that involving words and language.
- 38Non-Verbal LeakageWhen messages 'slip out' in spite of our attempts to control them.
- 39ParalanguageConsists of the non-verbal elements that accompany speech. It includes the way we speak: volume, pitch, language, laughter, crying.
- 40PersonaAn adopted form of the self/identity
- 41ProxemicsThe study of how we use space and distance including seating arrangements, queuing and territoriality.
- 42Self-ConceptIs the idea we have ourselves, consciously or otherwise.
- 43Self DisclosureThe act of revealing ourselves, consciously or otherwise.
- 44Self EsteemA measure of our own self worth.
- 45Self-Fulfilling ProphecyRefers to how our belief that something is true can cause it to be so.
E.g. if we believe we are confident , we act as if we are confident and so become confident. - 46AdaptersAlmost unconscious gestures used to relieve stress or boredom e.g. drumming fingers. Often adapters showing nervousness or anxiety.
- 47Body LanguageBodily mannerisms, postures and facial expressions that can be interpreted as unconsciously communicating somebody's feeling or psychological state.
- 48Code SwitchingRefers to the way in which we may change between languages or dialects depending on who we are talking to.
- 49Communicative CompetenceThe capacity to communicate; usually refers to the ability to use various communicative codes verbal and non-verbal appropriately in a variety of contexts.
- 50ConvergenceThe way in which we adjust our language to make it more like the language style of the person we are addressing if we want to convey warmth, friendliness and empathy.
- 51DivergenceMoving language style away from the other person's way of speaking can signal status or the desire to avoid intimacy.
- 52OcculesicsEye movement, length and direction of gaze changes in pupil size.
- 53AnchorageDirecting receivers towards one particular meaning from a range of possible meanings. A caption can anchor the meaning of a photograph.
- 54BarrierAnything which interferes with the processes of communication.
- 55ChannelA communication route or connection
- 56ConnotationThe meanings in a text that are revealed through the receivers own personal and cultural experience.
- 57DenotationThe specific, direct or obvious meaning of a sign rather than its associated meanings: those things directly referenced by a sign.
- 58GatekeeperSomeone who controls the selection of information to be offered to a given channel.
E.g. News - the pictures which they show. - 59GenreThis term describes the subdivisions of the output of a given medium e.g. television, film, magazine publishing.
- 60Process SchoolA school thought in which communication is conceived as a process whereby information is transmitted.
- 61SemioticsThe study of signs and how they communicate.
- 62Aberrant Decoding'Reading' a text in any way other than as it is intended, usually because the receiver does not share a knowledge and understanding of the code or codes used by the sender.
- 63EntropyA communication that is high on new information and that is highly unpredictable is said to be entropic.
- 64Myth'A cultures way of conceptualising an abstract topic'
- 65ParadigmA set of signs which one might have be chosen to contribute to a syntagm defining an individual members with reference to to all others in the set.
E.g. a Lion represents strength, power and elitism whereas a frog represents weakness etc. - 66SyntagmA chain of signs, a unique combination of sign choices.
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- Descrição
- Important keywords which can be used in the exam.
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- Molly562
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