Flashcards
Unit 1 - Module 6: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1Unit One - Module 6 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday LifeStatistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
- 2descriptive statisticsThese are numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. These include measures of central tendency and measures of variation.
- 3frequency distributionThis is a method of summarizing a set of scores by showing how many participants received each score. This frequency distribution tells us at a glance about certain characteristics of the data, such as whether scores tend to cluster in one region of the distribution or are scattered throughout.
- 4histogramA bar graph depicting a frequency distribution.
- 5measures of central tendencyMeasures of central tendency describe the distribution in terms of a single statistic that represents a whole set of scores. Measures of central tendency attempt to mark the centre of a distribution. Three measures of central tendency are MEAN, MEDIAN, and MODE
- 6meanThe mean is what we usually refer to as the average of all the scores in a distribution. To calculate the mean, simply add up all the scores in the distribution and divide by the number of scores.
- 7medianThe median is the central score in a distribution. To find a median, put the scores in ascending (or descending) order. If there is an odd number of scores, the median is the middle one. If there is an even number of scores, the median is the average of the middle two scores.
- 8modeThis is the simplest measure. It is the most frequently occurring score. A distribution may have more than one mode. For example, if a distribution has two modes, it is called bimodal.
- 9percentile rankThe percentage of scores that are lower than a given score.
- 10skewed distributionA skewed distribution happens when there are extreme scores or outliers. It is a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value.
- 11positive skewA positive skew happens when the scores pull the mean toward the higher end of the scores.
- 12negative skewA negative skew happens when the scores pull the mean toward the lower end of the scores.
- 13symmetrical distributionA symmetrical distribution happens when the mean is actually in the middle of the distribution and matches the median.
- 14measures of variabilityMeasures of variability provide information about the spread of scores in a distribution - the amount of variation in the data. Two measures of variability are RANGE and STANDARD VARIATION
- 15rangeThe range is the distance between the highest and the lowest score in a distribution.
- 16standard variationA computed measure of how much scores vary from the mean of the distribution. A smaller standard deviation means that, on average, the scores are close to the mean - therefore little variability. A larger standard variation means that, on average, the scores are far from the mean - therefore greater variability.
- 17z scoreThe Z score is a measure of how many standard deviations below or above the population mean a raw score is.
- 18normal curveA symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of data.
- 19inferential statisticsThese are data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.
- 20meta-analysisA statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
- 21statistical significanceThis is a statistical statement that the observed difference is probability NOT due to chance. Psychologists typically consider a result to be statistically significant if it occurred by chance alone less than 5 times in 100.
- 22p-valueThis is the value that determines if differences are considered statistically significant. A p-value of 0.05 (5 out of 100) or less is considered statistically significant.
- 23effect sizeThe strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger the effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other.
- 24null hypothesisThis is a statement that any observed differences between samples are due to chance. It is the opposite of statistical significance.
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- Grade 12 Psychology (Unit One - Introduction to Psychological Science Practices) FlashCards sobre Unit 1 - Module 6: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life, criado por Greg MacPherson em 29-07-2021.
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- Greg MacPherson
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