Flashcards
Psychology of Learning - Midterm 1 (Part 2)
Flashcards do conjunto (46)
- 1What are the three different kinds of partial reinforcement schedules?-Ratio schedules
-Interval Schedules
-IRT>t and IRT - 2What is a ratio schedule of reinforcement?Specifies the number of time an individual has to do something in order to obtain a certain outcome.
- 3What are molar feedback functions?The relationship between the rate of behavior and the rate at which an outcome is earned.
- 4What is molecular feedback?The moment-to-moment relationship between behaviors and outcomes.
- 5What are fixed-ratio schedules?The number of times the target behavior must occur is the same for each reinforcer.
Ex. Commission - 6What is a radio strain?When the steps are too large or too meager between fixed-ratio schedules that the individual will show prolonged PRP.
- 7What is PRP?Post-reinforcement pause
- 8Why do individuals switch to a run (steady rate of behavior after a PRP) on fixed ratio schedules?-High rates of behavior produce more reinforcement
-Short IRTs are differentially reinforced. - 9What are variable-ratio schedules?(VR n)
The number of times the target behavior must occur varies around a certain average (n)
Ex. slot machines - 10What is an interval schedule?A specific time interval after which the next behavior will produce the outcome.
- 11what is a fixed-interval schedule?The time interval that must elapse is the same across successive reinforcers.
Ex. Waiting for something to cook without a clock - 12What is a variable-interval schedule?The time interval that must elapse varies around a certain average (t)
Ex. Trying to call a friend on the phone and getting a busy tone. - 13What is a limited hold?A limited time to obtain an outcome.
- 14what is behavioral persistence?the tendency to continue to perform a behavior when that behavior no longer produces a reinforcing event.
(measured by resistance to extinction) - 15How is behavioral persistence determined?-Amount of previous success obtaining the outcome
-Discriminability
-Prior experience with schedules of partial reinforcement. - 16What is behavioral momentum?The tendency for a behavior to persist when the reinforcement contingency is changed.
(behaviors that are resistant to change have momentum) - 17On continuous reinforcement schedules, the bigger the reinforcer, ___the lower the resistance to extinction
- 18On partial schedules, large reinforcers ____increase resistance to extinction
- 19Free reinforcers during extinction do what?decrease discriminability and increase resistance to extinction.
- 20Prior experience with extinction ___decreases resistance to extinction
- 21Signaling the transition from acquisition to extinction ___increases discriminability and decreases resistance to extinction
- 22What is flooding?Preventing avoidance behaviors to speed the extinction process.
- 23What is implosion therapy?It uses flooding to reduce phobias.
- 24What is the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)The increases in resistance to extinction following experience with partial reinforcement.
- 25What are respondents?behaviors elicited by stimuli and not influenced by their consequences.
- 26what are operants?Behaviors that are influenced by their consequences and are not simply elicited by another stimulus.
- 27What is operant conditioning of key pecking?Pecking can be shaped and maintained by positive reinforcement.
- 28what is pavlovian conditioning of key pecking?Pigeons will peck at a key (CR) if that key illuminates (CS) prior to the delivery of food (US)
- 29What is schedule-induced key pecking?Pecking can be elicited by the periodic presentation of food
- 30What is Theoretical Matching Law?States that individuals allocate their time and effort based on the relative values of the available outcomes.
- 31What is empirical matching law?The observation that individuals match their behavior to the relative rates, amounts, or immediacies of the alternative outcomes.
- 32What are concurrent schedules of reinforcement?Two or more different schedules of partial reinforcements are simultaneously available.
Ex. Side-by-side procedure
Schedule-control procedure - 33What is Changeover Delay (COD)?After switching schedules, an individual must work for some time (usually a few seconds) before earning a reinforcer.
- 34What is the problem of indiscriminate switching between alternative-On concurrent interval schedules, while individuals work on one schedule the other one is still advancing.
-Changeover Delay (COD) - 35What does B stand forBehavior
- 36What does R stand for?Reinforcement
- 37What is temporal discounting?The value of something decreases in a nonlinear manner the further away it is in time.
- 38What are the empirical matching law requirements?-Individuals are working on concurrent VI VI schedules with a change-over delay of a few seconds
-Target behavior is the same on both schedules
-Same effort to perform the target behavior on both schedules
-No pre-existing preference for an option
-Linear mapping of reinforcers to value. - 39What is bias?when an individual prefers one alternative more than would be predicted from the empirical matching law.
- 40What is undermatching?It occurs when the relative allocation of behavior is less than predicted by the matching law.
- 41OvermatchingOccur matches an individual favors the schedule with the higher rate of reinforcement more than the empirical matching law predicts.
- 42What is molar maximizing AKA optimizationWhen individuals attempt to allocate their behavior to obtain the maximum gain for the least amount of effort.
- 43What is momentary maximizing?The momentary probability of being reinforced governs the individual's behavior.
- 44Melioration-Individuals are sensitive to the current behavioral cost of obtaining reinforcers
-Individuals attempt to equalize the behavioral cost of obtaining reinforcement across the various choices.
-Matching reflects the point at which these behavioral costs are roughly equivalent. - 45What does the rate of occurrence of a behavior depend on?Rate of occurrence of a behavior depends on both the rate of reinforcement (R) and the rate of occurrence of other outcomes (RO)
- 46What is the significance of the matching laws?-Matching law added the law of effects in that it shows outcomes effect the behavior relative to all other behaviors and outcomes that can take place.
-Allows us to construct psychological scales of value.