Quiz
Practice Questions (1)
Create a free account to finish this quiz
Save your progress and see your final score.
Already have an account? Sign in
Questions in this quiz (200)
1Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
- AI just sat down.
- BI was talking to that girl just before class.
- CI was talking to that boy three months ago.
- DI talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.
2Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an
- Aauditory code in short-term memory.
- Bauditory code in long-term memory.
- Ciconic code in short-term memory.
- Diconic code in long-term memory.
3Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
- AThe hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.
- BShort-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.
- CShort-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other.
- DLTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
4Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?
- AOne student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
- BOne student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook.
- COne student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense.
- DOne student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
539. Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
- ARecognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
- BRecalling the names of popular fairy tales
- CMatching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
- DCompleting a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
6In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
- Arepetition priming.
- Bdistributed practice.
- Creconsolidation.
- Dmental time travel.
7One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to
- Autilize proactive interference when administering the memory task.
- Btest patients with amnesia.
- Cuse backward instead of forward priming.
- Demploy multiple rounds of repetition priming.
8People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.
- Aagnosia
- Bamnesia
- Cthe primacy effect
- Dthe serial effect
9Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
- Astate-dependent learning.
- Bencoding.
- Cmemory consolidation.
- Dtransfer-appropriate processing.
10In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., “nice day,” “blue dress,” “fat neck”) to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of
- Amaintenance rehearsal.
- Bmood-congruent memory.
- Cthe consolidation-reconsolidation effect.
- Dpaired-associate learning.
11Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence
- Acauses more rehearsal.
- Btakes longer to process.
- Ccreates more connections.
- Dis more interesting.
12Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
- Athe physical features of the word.
- Bthe meaning of a word.
- Cthe pleasantness of a word.
- Dthe category of a word.
13Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of in LTM.
- Along-term potentiation
- Bretrieval cues
- Celaborative rehearsal
- Dmass practice
14According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes and is tested .
- Asemantically; auditorially
- Bauditorially; auditorially
- Cauditorially; semantically
- Dsemantically; visually
15Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by
- Athe encoding specificity principle.
- Bthe spacing effect.
- Clevels of processing.
- Dthe distributed practice effect.
16The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with
- Achanges at the synapse.
- Blong-term potentiation.
- Cchanges in specialized areas of the brain.
- Dboth changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
17Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
- Apresynaptic neuron.
- Bpostsynaptic neuron.
- Cneurotransmitters
- Dsynapse
18Graded amnesia occurs because
- Aremote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.
- Brecent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories.
- Cemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
- Dnonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
19From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
- Aprocedural memory.
- Blong-term memory storage.
- Cworking memory.
- Dlong-term memory acquisition.
20Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
- ALourdes performs better because of reactivation.
- BKim performs better because of reactivation.
- CLourdes performs better because of encoding specificity.
- DKim performs better because of encoding specificity.
21When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her
- Athalamus.
- Bprefrontal cortex.
- Camygdala.
- Dmedial temporal lobe.
22Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
- Acognitive hypothesis.
- Bself-image hypothesis.
- Cnarrative rehearsal hypothesis.
- Dautobiographical hypothesis.
23Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
- Asource monitoring.
- Bscripting.
- Crepeated recall.
- Dpre-cueing.
24Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
- Aremember more details about the event.
- Bmake more errors in their recollections.
- Creport less confidence about their recollections.
- Dreport less vivid recollections of the event.
25The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
- Anarrative rehearsal hypothesis.
- Bcognitive hypothesis.
- Clife-narrative hypothesis.
- Dreminiscence hypothesis.
26In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.
- Ablanket
- Bsleep
- Ctired
- Ddrowsy
27The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
- Abefore the event.
- Bduring the event.
- Cafter the event.
- Dall of the above
28The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because
- AMPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
- BMPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring.
- CMPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail.
- Dthe original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.
29The misinformation effect can be explained by
- Aproactive interference.
- Bretroactive interference.
- Cschematic biases.
- Drepeated familiarity effects.
30 occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.
- AReminiscent memory
- BPragmatic inference
- CFeature integration
- DRetroactive interference
31Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of
- Aretroactive interference.
- Ba life-narrative confusion.
- Cmemory-trace replacement.
- Da simultaneous presentation effect.
32Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI
- Aif they believe the postevent information is correct.
- Bonly if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event.
- Ceven if they are told to ignore the postevent information.
- Dif the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes.
33Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,
- Athe more accurate the memories are.
- Bthe more convincing the testimony is to a jury.
- Cthe more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus.
- Dthe more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.
34When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.
- Asequential
- Bsimultaneous
- Cimmediate
- Dprecued
35Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?
- AA sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other.
- BA simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator.
- CA sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw.
- DA sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
36The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
- Aretroactive interference.
- Bconsequentiality.
- Csource misattribution.
- Dconfabulation.
37Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting
- Aaccounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent increased the likelihood of false memories.
- Baccounts of actual childhood events supplied by a participant's parent decreased the likelihood of false memories.
- Ca photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories.
- Da photograph of the participant's first-grade class decreased the likelihood of false memories.
38Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?
- ACategories provide definitions of groups of related objects.
- BCategories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling.
- CCategories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories.
- DCategories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.
39The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
- Athe definition of the category.
- Ba universal set of category members.
- Ca defined set of category members.
- Dcategory members that have been encountered in the past.
40Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
- AExemplar
- BNetwork
- CTypicality
- DPrototype
41Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
- ACrow
- BGoose
- CHummingbird
- DSparrow
42Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
- AIndicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO - BIndicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO - CFill in the blank in the following sentence: An apple is a(n) .
- DFill in the blank in the following sentence: A(n) is a fruit.
- AIndicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
43When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that
- Aa carrot would be named before eggplant.
- Ban eggplant would be named before carrot.
- Ca carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first.
- Dthe order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.
44Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal
- Amatches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed.
- Bis a dog that does not bark.
- Cmatches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced.
- Dis similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.
45People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?
- ATypical
- BBasic
- CSubordinate
- DSuperordinate
46If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the level.
- Asuperordinate; subordinate
- Bsuperordinate; basic
- Csubordinate; basic
- Dbasic; subordinate
47The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
- Aparallel distributed processing
- Bconnectionist network
- Cneural network
- Dsemantic network
48Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.
- Aspreading activation
- Bcognitive economy
- Ctypicality
- Dback propagation
49One of the key properties of the ___ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
- Asemantic network
- Bhierarchical
- Cspreading activation
- Dconnectionist
50Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
- AThe operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage.
- BConnectionist networks can explain generalization of learning.
- CBefore any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
- DThe connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.
51Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of __ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
- Agraceful degradation
- Berror verification
- Cspreading activation
- Dback propagation
52The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
- Asemantic networks.
- Bconnectionist networks.
- Creasoning about categories.
- Dspreading activation.
53The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
- Athe connection weights add up to exactly +1.00.
- Bthe output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes “locked” into the system.
- Cthe error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
- Dthe output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.
54One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
- Athese networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected.
- Blearning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept.
- Cdamage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
- Dlearning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.
55If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that
- Ait loses information at a very slow rate.
- Bdamage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.
- Cit is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all.
- Dit can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task.
56According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes and one that distinguishes .
- Asensations; facts
- Bsensory attributes; function
- Cserial nodes; familiar concepts
- Dsequential networks; familial resemblance
57According to the approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
- Asemantic category
- Bneuronal limitation
- Cmultiple-factor
- Dsensory-functional
58Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.
- Aimitative
- Banticipatory
- Credundant
- Dmirror
59One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used in answering the question.
- Athe visual search
- Bher visual icon
- Cvisual imagery
- Dmental chronometry
60Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and
- Adual coding.
- Bb. dreams.
- Cinner audition.
- Dthe visual buffer.
61Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
- AImagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.
- BThought is always accompanied by imagery.
- CPeople can rotate images of objects in their heads.
- DImagery is closely related to language.
62Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?
- A30 degrees
- B60 degrees
- C90 degrees
- D180 degrees
63Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
- Ahow easy mental rotation is for humans.
- Bthat humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.
- Cthat humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.
- Dimagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
64Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved
- Aimage synthesis.
- Bmental scanning.
- Cmethod of loci.
- Dpropositional representations.
65The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
- Avisual icons.
- Bmental images.
- Cperceptual images.
- Dechoic schemas
66Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)
- Aepiphenomenon.
- Binner scribe.
- Cconvergent behavior.
- Dpropositional behavior.
67Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?
- AThe results of scanning experiments
- BDepictive representations
- CThe tacit-knowledge explanation
- DThe distinction between propositional and spatial representations
68In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the explanation of imagery.
- Aepiphenomenon
- Bdepictive representation
- Cspatial representation
- Dtacit-knowledge
69Imagery neurons respond to
- Aall visual images.
- Bonly visual images in a specific category.
- Can actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
- Dconcrete mental images but not abstract mental images.
70Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
- Ais an epiphenomenon.
- Bcan be inferred using mental chronometry.
- Csupports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.
- Dplays a causal role in both perception and imagery.
71A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?
- A4
- B3
- C2
- D1
72To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at visual centers.
- Alower; higher
- Bhigher; lower
- Cboth lower and higher; higher
- Dhigher; both lower and higher
73In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves processing and imagery starts as a process.
- Abottom-up; bottom-up
- Btop-down; top-down
- Cbottom-up; top-down
- Dtop-down; bottom-up
74Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
- Amodels
- Bcognition
- Creaction times
- Dsavings
75The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
- Acognitive psychology
- Bintrospection
- Cbehaviorism
- Dmemory consolidation
76Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
- Asensation
- Bchildhood attachment styles.
- Cdecision making
- Dpersonality development
77By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
- Aperceive the stimulus
- Bprocess the stimulus
- Cattend to the stimulus
- Dmake a decision about the stimulus
78The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to
- Ashow that reaction times can be measured accurately.
- Bmeasure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
- Cdetermine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
- Dshow that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
79In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a
- Asensory memory task.
- Bsimple reaction time task.
- Cchoice reaction time task.
- Dclassical conditioning task.
80Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.
- Asensation
- Btransduction
- Cchange in intensity
- Dpresentation
81In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
- Amemory recall task.
- Bsimple reaction time task.
- Cchoice reaction time task.
- Doperant conditioning task.
82How is the term mind used in this statement: “If you put your mind to it, I’m sure you can solve that math problem”?
- AThe mind as involved in memory
- BThe mind as problem solver
- CThe mind as used to make decisions or consider possibilities
- DThe mind as valuable, something that should be used
83In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
- Aless than one second
- Bbetween one and two seconds
- Ctwo to five seconds
- Dmore than five seconds
84 The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
- Ameasured directly.
- Binferred from the participant's behavior.
- Cmeasured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response.
- Dmeasured by comparing responses among different participants.
85The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists.
- Aphysiological response and the behavioral outcome
- Bcognitive task and the behavioral outcome
- Ccognitive task and the physiological response
- Dcognitive task and the mental response
86How is the term mind used in this statement: “When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind”?
- AThe mind as involved in memory
- BThe mind as problem solver
- CThe mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.
- DThe mind as valuable, something that should be used
87According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of
- Aword familiarity.
- Bsensory modality.
- Celapsed time.
- Dreaction time.
88Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they
- Adescribed complex decision making.
- Bplotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
- Cwere the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
- Dshowed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.
89Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
- AFunctioning and survival
- BAttention
- CRoutine
- DCognition
90With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?
- AThe mind creates and controls mental processes such as language and emotions.
- BThe mind can create representations of the world.
- CThe mind is a problem solver.
- DWe can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.
91Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
- AAnalytic introspection
- BMeasuring reaction times
- COperant conditioning
- DClassical conditioning
92Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
- Ainformation processing.
- Banalytic introspection.
- Cfunctional analysis.
- Dbehavioral analysis.
93What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?
- APsychology
- BCognitive psychology
- CSociology
- DPsychopathology
94Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
- AIt infers mental processes based on objective data.
- BIt produces results that are too easy to verify.
- CIt produces variable results from person to person.
- DIt requires no training.
95 John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of
- Aobservable behavior.
- Bmental processes.
- Cconsciousness.
- Dattention
96Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?
- AErik Erikson
- BSigmund Freud
- CWilhelm Wundt
- DIvan Pavlov
97The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
- AReaction time
- BUnconscious inference
- CClassical conditioning
- DOperant conditioning
98Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior.
- Apositive reinforcers
- Bdiscriminative stimuli
- Cbackward conditioning
- Dinhibitory neurotransmitters
99Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
- AFranciscus Donders
- BWilhelm Wundt
- CJohn Watson
- DB. F. Skinner
100The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
- Aclassical conditioning.
- Bthe method of savings.
- Cchoice reaction time.
- Doperant conditioning.
101Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
- ARaynor
- BSanders
- CJames
- DTolman
102A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
- Acognitive map.
- Bmental model.
- Cartificial intelligence.
- Dmemory consolidation.
103Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
- Aan inborn biological program.
- Bcultural influences.
- Cclassical conditioning.
- Doperant conditioning.
104Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?
- ANoam Chomsky
- BJohn Watson
- CKeller Breland
- DB. F. Skinner
105Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?
- AWatson's "Little Albert" experiment
- BSkinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
- CDevelopment of the technique of analytic introspection
- DTolman's proposal of cognitive maps
106Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
- AIP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.
- BIP emphasizes stimulus–response relationships in cognitive processes.
- CIP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition.
- DIP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition.
107Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
- Acognitive psychology textbooks.
- Banalytic introspection.
- CSkinner boxes.
- Dcomputers
108Wundt’s approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as
- Astructuralism.
- Banalytic introspection.
- Csensations
- Dcognitive psychology.
109Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?
- APeople can focus on one message and ignore the other one.
- BPeople can focus on the message they were repeating.
- CPeople take in very little information about the ignored message.
- DPeople who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.
110Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?
- AA flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages
- BA computer program for solving logic problems
- CAn experimental procedure for studying the way people process information
- DThe first textbook of cognitive psychology
111Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
- ADonald Broadbent
- BColin Cherry
- CNewell and Simon
- DWilhelm Wundt
112A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
- Astructuralism.
- Banalytic introspection.
- Csensations.
- Dcognitive psychology.
113Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
- ABehaviorism
- BResults were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
- CIt produced same results from person to person
- DResults were easy to verify
114The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
- AB. F. Skinner.
- BColin Cherry.
- CEdward Tolman.
- DJohn McCarthy.
115Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program
- Asimulated human attention.
- Bcreated proofs for problems in logic.
- Ccontrolled presentation of visual stimuli.
- Dproduced the first flow diagram.
116At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
- Athe human ability to process information is unlimited.
- Bthere are limits to the human ability to process information.
- Cintelligent machines can be successfully created.
- Dmemory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.
117Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?
- ABecause he used behavior to infer mental processes
- BBecause of his focus on measuring behavior
- CBecause he focused on the stimulus–response connections in the rat’s mind during his maze experiment
- DBecause of his interest in operant conditioning
118The "cognitive revolution"
- Aoccurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.
- Bextended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments.
- Cwas a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.
- Dwas not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.
119Verbal Behavior was written by
- ANoam Chomsky.
- BWatson
- CTolman.
- DB. F. Skinner.
120Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn?
- AVerbal Behavior
- BThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions
- CCognitive Psychology
- DSensory Memory
121Which of the following terms is correct in context with “Pairing one stimulus with another”?
- ACognitive mapping
- BParadigm shift
- CClassical conditioning
- DBehaviorism
122Which of the following terms is correct in context with “conception within the rat’s mind of the maze’s layout”?
- ACognitive mapping
- BParadigm shift
- CClassical conditioning
- DBehaviorism
123As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?
- A1950s
- B1930s
- C1940s
- D1920s
124What does the field of neuropsychology study?
- ABehavior of people with brain damage
- BElectrical responses of the nervous system
- CHigher mental processes
- DSequences of mental operations involved in cognition
125In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?
- A1969
- B1984
- C1991
- D1976
126Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser’s book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
- ALong-term memory
- BSensory memory
- CEpisodic memory
- DSemantic memory
127Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)?
- AIt replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.
- BIt shows which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity.
- CIt provides a lower-resolution image than fMRI.
- DIt involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person’s bloodstream.
128Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year?
- A1975
- B1984
- C1992
- D2000
129Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT
- AShort-term memory.
- BProcedural memory.
- CEpisodic memory.
- DSemantic memory.
130Which memory is used for physical actions?
- ALong-term memory
- BProcedural memory
- CEpisodic memory
- DSemantic memory
131The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
- Acognitive psychology.
- Bneuroscience
- Ccognitive neuroscience.
- Dneuropsychology
132Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara’s psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara’s situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook.
- Athe dynamics of cognition
- Bidiographic evaluation
- Cnomothetic examination
- Dlevels of analysis
133Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.
- Anomothetic; idiographic
- Bbehavioral; physiological
- Cbrain; body
- Dobservational; correlational
134Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the “nerve net.” These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
- Acontinuous
- Bcomposed of discrete individual units.
- Ccomposed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.
- Dcomposed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.
135The key structural components of neurons are the
- Acell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters.
- Baxon, dendrites, and glands.
- Ccell body, dendrites, and axons.
- Dtransmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier.
136In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
- AInformation processing model
- BGenetic processing model
- CData processing model
- DSignal processing model
137A synapse is
- Aa tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.
- Bthe structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.
- Cthe structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.
- Dthe gap that separates two different neurons.
138Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
- Amyelin sheaths.
- Bpotentiated somas.
- Cneural circuits.
- Dspreading activations.
139Action potentials occur in the
- Acell body.
- Bsynapse
- Cneurotransmitters
- Daxon
140If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.
- Arate of nerve firing
- Bsize of the nerve impulses
- Cspeed of nerve conduction
- DAll of these are correct.
141When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the
- Asize of the action potentials.
- Bsize of the synapse.
- Cfiring rate of the neurotransmitters.
- Dfiring rate of the action potentials.
142Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
- ADendrites make direct contact with each other.
- BA chemical process takes place in the synapse.
- CAn electrical process takes place in the receptors.
- DAction potentials travel across the synapse.
143You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
- Ain one localized area of the brain.
- Bby a specific object neuron.
- Cin different parts of the brain.
- Dthrough fMRI potentials.
144When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as
- Athe neuron’s receptor continues to be stimulated.
- Bthe impulse is past the recording electrode.
- Csignals remain in the neuron.
- Dthe neuron is at rest.
145Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
- Aretinal cells.
- Bfeature detectors.
- Cdendrites.
- Dreceptors.
146If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
- Abrick wall.
- Bchain link fence.
- Csolid wall.
- Dpicket fence.
147Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?
- AHeart
- BBrain
- CLungs
- DKidney
148Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that
- Athe shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure.
- Bthe shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure.
- Cthe rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.
- Dthe rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure.
149When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
- Aspecificity
- Bdistributed
- Csparse
- Ddivergence
150Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
- AThe density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.
- BThe density of cells in a newborn brain is higher compared with the density in an adult brain.
- CThe nerve net system in newborn animals is less developed.
- DThe nerve net system in newborn animals is more developed.
151Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
- AIt is probably accurate, which explains why the human nervous system contains over one hundred billion neurons.
- BResearch has found that specificity encoding does occur for lower animals, such as dogs and cats, but has not found this phenomenon to exist in human beings.
- CIt is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
- DSpecificity coding is one of the areas that is only theoretical and not applied, and thus there is no way to know if it truly exists in human beings.
152Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
- ASpecific areas of the brain serve different functions.
- BNeurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
- CBrain areas are specialized for specific functions.
- DAll of these are correct.
153Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
- Acortical association.
- Bdissociation.
- Clocalization of function.
- Dthe information processing approach.
154Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
- Adistributed processing.
- Blocalization of function.
- Cprosopagnosia.
- Dneural net theory.
155What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?
- ANerve
- BConnectome
- CAxon
- DCell body
156The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
- Asubcortical
- Bfrontal
- Coccipital
- Dparietal
157Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
- ADendrites
- BAxons
- CCell body
- DNerve net
158A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.
- Aparietal
- Boccipital
- Cfrontal
- Dtemporal
159Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure.
Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?- ABroca's area
- BParahippocampal place area (PPA)
- CExtrastriate body area (EBA)
- DWernicke's area
160Which parts of neurons are also known as a “nerve fiber”?
- ATouch receptor
- BReceptor
- CAxons
- DDendrites
161What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
- ADoctrine
- BSynapse
- CAxon
- DDendrite
162Brain imaging has made it possible to
- Adetermine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
- Bview individual neurons in the brain.
- Cshow how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy.
- Dview propagation of action potentials.
163In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present?
- AEyes
- BEars
- CSkin
- DArteries
164Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?
- ADendrites
- BAxons
- CSynapses
- DReceptors
165The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
- ABroca's aphasia
- BWernicke's aphasia
- Cprosopagnosia
- DAlzheimer's disease
166Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
- AFusiform face area (FFA)
- BParahippocampal place area (PPA)
- CExtrastriate body area (EBA)
- DFunctional magnetic area (FMA)
167Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
- AFusiform face area (FFA)
- BParahippocampal place area (PPA)
- CExtrastriate body area (EBA)
- DFunctional magnetic area (FMA)
168The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
- Alocalization of function.
- Bdistributed representation.
- Cmodularity.
- Daphasia.
169Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called__________.
- Asynaptic vesicles
- Bneuronal bridges
- Cneural networks
- Dfused conduits
170Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain’s physical properties?
- AA tree
- BA web
- CA pipe
- DA river
171What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?
- AOne is internally activated and the other is externally activated.
- BOne has physical form and the other lacks physical form.
- COne sends information and the other receives information.
- DOne has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge.
172It’s often said that “life doesn’t exist in a vacuum.” However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning.
- Anerves
- Breceptors
- Cdendrites
- Dsynapses
173Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
- ASpecificity coding
- BLocalization of function
- CHierarchical processing
- DDistributed representation
174Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants’ office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance.
- ASparse coding
- BLocalization coding
- CPopulation coding
- DSpecificity coding
175Which of the following could be considered as always taking a “working vacation”?
- ATemporal lobe
- BDefault mode network
- CBroca’s area
- DNeural networks
176Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?
- AResponsive
- BConditional
- CConsistent
- DVariable
177Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual’s unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?
- ASalience
- BVoxel
- CConnectome
- DAphasia
178According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
- ASolving problems
- BExperiencing neuromodulation
- CCommunicating with other people
- DAnswering questions
179Perception is NOT essential for
- Acreating memories.
- Bacquiring knowledge.
- Csolving problems.
- Dimproving empathy.
180The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the
- Aradiated wavelength paradox.
- Binverse projection problem.
- Cserial location task.
- Dfusiform face role.
181Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
- ASemantic regularity
- BViewpoint invariance
- CBottom-up processing
- DPrinciple of similarity
182Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
- Aconsistency
- Bresistance
- Cconstancy
- Dinvariance
183The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.
- Abottom-up
- Btop-down
- CGestalt
- Dserial
184If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
- Atop-down
- Bbottom-up
- Cserial
- Dsequential
185Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
- Areception of the stimulus.
- Bbottom-up processing.
- Ctop-down processing.
- Dfocused attention.
186Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
- Abottom-up processing.
- Btop-down processing.
- Ctheir in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
- Drepeated practice at the task.
187Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
- ARecognizing a crying friend’s sounds as words in a sentence
- BSeeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
- CWalking all around a car and always knowing it’s a car
- DPerceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
188Speech segmentation is defined as
- Acreating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
- Bignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
- Corganizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
- Drecognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
189When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
- Aspeech segmentation
- Bthe likelihood principle
- Cbottom-up processing
- Dalgorithms
190Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
- AWhen someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters
- BWhen someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence
- CWhen someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
- DWhen someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
191Which of the following is true about perception?
- AIt occurs separately from action.
- BIt is mostly automatic.
- CIt involves rapid processes.
- DIt is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.
192The theory of unconscious inference includes the
- Aoblique effect
- Blikelihood principle.
- Cprinciple of componential recovery.
- Dprinciple of speech segmentation.
193The likelihood principle states that
- Awe perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
- Bwe perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances.
- Cit is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
- Dfeature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
194The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual
- Aconjunction.
- Borganization.
- Cdiscriminability.
- Dfusion.
195You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
- Agood continuation.
- Bsimplicity.
- Cfamiliarity.
- Dgood figure.
196You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
- Asimplicity.
- Bsimilarity.
- Cpragnanz.
- Dfamiliarity.
197The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
- Acommon fate.
- Bsimilarity.
- Cpragnanz.
- Dcontinuity.
198Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
- Amirror neurons.
- Bnatural selection.
- Cscene schema.
- Dpragnanz.
199In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
- ASimplicity
- BContiguity
- CFigure-ground
- DCommon fate
200Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
- AThe oblique effect
- BThe light-from-above assumption
- CAngled orientation
- DHaving one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
Information
- Description
- Psychology Quiz on Practice Questions (1), created by Lindsay Azer on 05/11/2018.
- Author
- Lindsay Azer
- Language
- English
- Views
- 15
- Tags
- Rating
- No ratings yet Rate this quiz