Psychology Chapter 6

1. 1Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

   1. Anegative punishment
   2. Bnegative reinforcement
   3. Cpositive punishment
   4. Dpositive reinforcement
2. 2If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

   1. Adecreases
   2. Bdepends on the CS-UCS relationship
   3. Cincreases
   4. Dis not affected
3. 3In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

   1. Aconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response
   2. Bneutral response and a conditioned response
   3. Cneutral stimulus and a neutral response
   4. Dneutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
4. 4Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

   1. Afixed interval
   2. Bfixed ratio
   3. Cvariable interval
   4. Dvariable ratio
5. 5To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

   1. ACS + UCS; continuous
   2. BCS + UCS; intermittent
   3. CUCS alone; continuous
   4. DUCS alone; intermittent
6. 6You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5–20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

   1. Afixed interval
   2. Bfixed ratio
   3. Cvariable interval
   4. Dvariable ratio
7. 7What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

   1. Aconditions
   2. Binstincts
   3. Coperants
   4. Dreflexes
8. 8What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

   1. Aconditioning
   2. Binstincts
   3. Clearning
   4. Dreflexes
9. 9Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

   1. Aassociational
   2. Binstinctive
   3. Cprocessual
   4. Dreflexive
10. 10Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

    1. Aclassical conditioning
    2. Bcontrolled conditioning
    3. Cphysiological conditioning
    4. Dpsychic conditioning

11. 11In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

    1. Ahigher order
    2. Binitial
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
12. 12In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Bconditioning
    3. Cextinction
    4. Dneutral stimulate
13. 13Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Bextinction
    3. Crecovery
    4. Dreflex
14. 14________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

    1. AB. F. Skinner
    2. BEdward Thorndike
    3. CIvan Pavlov
    4. DJohn B. Watson
15. 15In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Bextinction
    3. Cpunishment
    4. Drecovery
16. 16Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Blearning
    3. Creinforcement
    4. Dshaping
17. 17________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

    1. Aclassical
    2. Boperant
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
18. 18When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

    1. Acontinuous
    2. Bpartial
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
19. 19Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

    1. AB. F. Skinner
    2. BEdward C. Tolman
    3. CIvan Pavlov
    4. DJohn B. Watson
20. 20Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

    1. Aconditioned
    2. Blatent
    3. Cpartial
    4. Dprimary
21. 21Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

    1. Alatent
    2. Bobservational
    3. CPavlovian
    4. Dvicarious
22. 22Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model’s behavior?

    1. Alatent acquisition
    2. Blatent punishment
    3. Cvicarious punishment
    4. Dvicarious reinforcement
23. 23In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

    1. Acontinuous
    2. Bpartial
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
24. 24In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

    1. Anegative reinforcement
    2. Bpositive reinforcement
    3. Cpunishment
    4. Dpunishment reinforcement
25. 25Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

    1. Ababy seeking food by rooting and suckling
    2. Bbelieving that nudity is wrong
    3. Cteacher demonstrating algebra to students
    4. Dtoddler who is toilet training
26. 26Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

    1. Abecoming angry at your friend for raising his voice
    2. Bbecoming bored at a wedding
    3. Csitting very still in the classroom
    4. Dthe pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
27. 27Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

    1. Ainstinct
    2. Blearning
    3. Creflex
    4. Dstimulus
28. 28Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

    1. Aclassical
    2. Bconditioning
    3. Cobservational
    4. Doperant
29. 29In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

    1. Aclassical
    2. Boperant
    3. Cresponse
    4. Dstimulus
30. 30Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

    1. Aconditioned response
    2. Bconditioned stimulus
    3. Cunconditioned response
    4. Dunconditioned stimulus
31. 31Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Bextinction
    3. Csecondary conditioning
    4. Dstimulation
32. 32Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

    1. Ataste aversion
    2. Btaste response
    3. Cunconditioned aversion
    4. Dunconditioned response
33. 33Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

    1. Aclassical conditioning
    2. Bhigher order conditioning
    3. Cneutral stimulus
    4. Dspontaneous recovery
34. 34If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

    1. Aconditioned response
    2. Bstimulus discrimination
    3. Cstimulus generalization
    4. Dunconditioned response
35. 35Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

    1. Aconditioning
    2. Binstincts
    3. Clearning
    4. Dreflexes
36. 36Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

    1. Alearning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class
    2. Bteaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
    3. Cyour brother refusing to play with you
    4. Dyour father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters
37. 37Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

    1. Aimitation
    2. Bmodeling
    3. Cstimulus discrimination
    4. Dstimulus generalization
38. 38Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

    1. Aacquisition
    2. Bconditioning
    3. Cextinction
    4. Dlearning
39. 39Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

    1. Abeing conditioned not to laugh at hats
    2. Bbeing conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats
    3. Cbeing conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats
    4. Dbeing conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
40. 40Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

    1. Aassociations
    2. Binstincts
    3. Clearning
    4. Dreflexes
41. 41In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

    1. Aconditioned response
    2. Bconditioned stimulus
    3. Cunconditioned response
    4. Dunconditioned stimulus
42. 42Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

    1. Awhen a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
    2. Bwhen a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
    3. Cwhen a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
    4. Dwhen a dog refuses to play dead
43. 43Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

    1. Aconditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings
    2. Bconditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell
    3. Cconditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
    4. Dconditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food
44. 44Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

    1. Acontinuous
    2. Bpartial
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
45. 45Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

    1. Afixed interval
    2. Bfixed ratio
    3. Cvariable interval
    4. Dvariable ratio
46. 46John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

    1. Acontinuous
    2. Bpartial
    3. Cprimary
    4. Dsecondary
47. 47Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

    1. Afixed interval
    2. Bfixed ratio
    3. Cvariable interval
    4. Dvariable ratio
48. 48Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

    1. Achecking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification
    2. Bfeeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.
    3. Cknowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
    4. Dplaying the slot machine
49. 49Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

    1. AEdward C. Tolman
    2. BIvan Pavlov
    3. CLittle Albert
    4. DRosalie Rayner
50. 50Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

    1. Aconditioned response
    2. Bconditioned stimulus
    3. Cunconditioned response
    4. Dunconditioned stimulus
51. 51Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

    1. Afixed interval
    2. Bfixed ratio
    3. Cvariable interval
    4. Dvariable ratio
52. 52Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

    1. Acognitive map
    2. Bfixed interval map
    3. Cfixed ratio map
    4. Dlatent map
53. 53Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

    1. AJulie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money
    2. BNikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m.
    3. CViviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets
    4. DWinona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
54. 54Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

    1. Acognitive mapping
    2. Bconditioning
    3. Clatent learning
    4. Dreinforcement
55. 55Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father is a ________.

    1. Acognition
    2. Bmodel
    3. Cresponse
    4. Dstimulus
56. 56Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

    1. ABelinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
    2. BJeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
    3. CJob wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
    4. DLaurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
57. 57Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

    1. Achecking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
    2. Bplaying basketball with your friends after completing your chores
    3. Cplaying poker
    4. Dtaking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
58. 58Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

    1. ABabs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
    2. BLana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
    3. CPark wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.
    4. DRyan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.
59. 59Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

    1. Aa rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog
    2. Bearning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes
    3. Clearning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons
    4. Dremembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
60. 60Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

    1. ABill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June
    2. BJeremy checking YouTube every morning before work
    3. CJoyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets
    4. DNikita taking her dog to the vet once a year
61. 61Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

    1. Aclassical conditioning
    2. Bimitation
    3. Cmodeling
    4. Doperant conditioning
62. 62What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

    1. Aboys display fear differently from girls
    2. Bboys display more fear than girls
    3. Cemotion can be a conditioned response
    4. Dfear cannot be a conditioned response
63. 63Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

    1. AHe disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.
    2. BHe found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
    3. CHe placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
    4. DHis experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
64. 64What is the main idea of social learning theory?

    1. ABehavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
    2. BFear is a conditioned response.
    3. CLearning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
    4. DOne can learn new behaviors by observing others.
65. 65What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

    1. AThe name “B. F. Skinner” should be changed to “Albert Bandura.”
    2. BThe word “models” should be changed to the word “reinforcers.”
    3. CThe words “live, verbal, and symbolic” should be changed to the words “primary, secondary, and tertiary.”
    4. DThe words “social learning theory” should be changed to the words “classical conditioning.”
66. 66Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

    1. AHe is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
    2. BHe placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
    3. CHe worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
    4. DHis experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
67. 67Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

    1. Ablindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room
    2. Bdetermining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
    3. Cknowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
    4. Drewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables
68. 68If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

    1. Aafter dreaming about having a fight with their parents
    2. Bafter dreaming they were on television
    3. Cafter seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character
    4. Dafter seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
69. 69What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?

    1. ABehavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
    2. BFear is a conditioned response.
    3. CLearning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
    4. DOne can learn new behaviors by observing others.
70. 70What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

    1. AThe word “classical” should be changed to the word “operant.”
    2. BThe word “conditioning” should be changed to the word “behaviorism.”
    3. CThe word “initial” should be changed to the word “interval.”
    4. DThe word “latent” should be changed to the word “acquisition.”
71. 71Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?

    1. AHe is considered the founder of behaviorism.
    2. BHe is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
    3. CHe placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
    4. DHe worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
72. 72Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

    1. Ablindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room
    2. Bdetermining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing
    3. Cpairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red
    4. Drewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
73. 73What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

    1. AThe word “acquisition” should be changed to the word “recovery.”
    2. BThe word “extinguished” should be changed to the word “acquired.”
    3. CThe word “response” should be changed to the word “stimulus.”
    4. DThe word “spontaneous” should be changed to the word “planned.”
74. 74What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

    1. ABehavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
    2. BFear is a conditioned response.
    3. CLearning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
    4. DOne can learn new behaviors by observing others.
75. 75According to Albert Bandura, ________.

    1. AFear is a conditioned response.
    2. BLearning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
    3. CLearning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
    4. DOrganisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
76. 76Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

    1. Ablindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating
    2. Bdetermining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
    3. Cpairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand
    4. Drewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream
77. 77What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson’s made after working with Little Albert?

    1. ABehavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
    2. BEmotions can be a conditioned response.
    3. CLearning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
    4. DOne can learn new behaviors by observing others.
78. 78Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment.

    1. AIt is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
    2. BJohn B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert’s mother.
    3. CJohn B. Watson falsified most of his data.
    4. DLittle Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.
79. 79What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

    1. AThe word “conditioning” should be changed to the word “reinforcement.”
    2. BThe word “operant” should be changed to the word “classical.”
    3. CThe word “repeatedly” should be changed to the word “never.”
    4. DThe word “repeatedly” should be changed to the word “rarely.”
80. 80Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

    1. AHe is considered the founder of behaviorism.
    2. BHe is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
    3. CHe is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
    4. DHe placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

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Psychology Quiz on Psychology Chapter 6, created by Lorra Wicker on 02/03/2020.

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