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personality
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Questions in this quiz (85)
1What is the idiographic approach to personality?
- AIdentifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
- BIdentifying unique pattern of characteristics/life history experiences within one person
- Cestablishes association between sets of measures on which people have been found to differ
- Dsystematic manipulation of variables to establish causal relationships
2What is the nomothetic approach to personality?
- AIdentifying the general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
- BIdentifying unique patterns of characteristics and experiences of the individual
- CExamining how the effect of a situation on a person remains stable across different people
- DExamining the structure of personality
3What is the focus of the clinical approach?
- ASystematic, in-depth research of individuals via observation and self-report
- BEstablishes association between sets of measures on which people have been found to differ via self-report
- CSystematic manipulation of variables to establish causal relationships through experimental manipulation and control
4What is the focus of experimental approach?
- ASystematic manipulation of variables to establish causal relationships
- BSystematic, In-depth analysis of individuals
- CEstablishes association between sets of measures on which people have been found to differ
5Correlational approach
- AEstablishes association between sets of measures on which people have been found to differ
- BSystematic, in-depth research of individuals
- CSystematic manipulation of variables to establish causal relationships
6Significant researchers of the clinical approach include:
- ACharcot, Janet, Prince, Freud, Murray
- BGalton, Eysenck, Janet, Murray, Freud
- CFreud, Allport, Charcot, Pavlov, Wundt
- DFreud, Prince, Eysenck, Murray, Janet
7Significant researchers of the correlational approach include...
- AAllport, cattell, eysenck, costa & McCrae
- BAllport, Freud, Eysenck, Hull, Ebbinghaus
- CEysenck, Millere, Costa & McCrae, Watson
- DWatson, Mowrer, Cattell, Costa & McCrae
8Significant researchers of the experimental approach include...
- AWundt, Ebbinghaus, Pavlov, Watson, Hull, BF Skinner, and (Dollard, doob, miller, mowrer, spears)
- BPavlov, skinner, Costa & McCrae, Allport, Watson, Galton and Eysenck
- CEysenck, skinner, pavlov, Cattell, Murray, Watson, Costa & McCrae
9_________: hysteria could be brought on/alleviated by hypnosis
_________: suggestions could be therapeutic
_________: Integration of multiple selves/disintegration of personality- AFreud, Janet, Murray
- BCharcot, Janet, Prince
- CFreud, Allport, Eysenck
- DFreud, Charcot, Eysenck
10___________: tried to explain hysteria, examined ambivalence and self-defeating behaviour
___________: examined consciousness of inner states and memory- AFreud; murray
- BCharcot, Prince
- CMurray; Janet
- DFreud; Charcot
11________ explored differences due to heredity, such as intellectual abliity, and created composite pictures of criminals
- ASir Francis Galton
- BGordon Allport
- CHans Eysenck
- DRaymond Cattell
12________ was interested in the science of immediate experience and consciousness
________ examined the laws of memory, such as the forgetting curve
________ examined emotional conditioning in children- AWatson; Hull; skinner
- Bpavlov; wundt; Hull
- CWundt; ebbinghaus; watson
- DEbbinghaus; Hull; Skinner
13________. examined conflict in the development of neurosis and stimulus generalisation
_________ proposed the stimulus-response theory- APavlov; Hull
- BSkinner; Ebbinghaus
- CWatson; Pavlov
- DWatson; Wundt
14_________ proposed the frustration-aggression hypothesis
_________ explored instrumental conditioning and behaviour modification- AWundt; Pavlov
- BPavlov; Hull
- CDollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears; Skinner
- DWatson; skinner
15Which of the following is not a personality style?
- ANarcissistic
- BShame-prone
- CAnger-prone
- DAnxiety-prone
- EPsychopathic
16Which of the following is not a key approach to personality?
- AHumanistic
- BPsychodynamic
- CSocial cognitive
- DTrait
- ENone of the above
17Basic temperament influenced by genes, which remains consistent across lifespan
- ATrait
- BTemperament
- CPersonality style
- DPersonality structure
18Which of the following is not included under 'temperament'?
- AImpulsivity
- BInhibition to the unfamiliar
- CEnergy level
- DRhythm of responding
- EAnxious-avoidance
19Zuckerman (1994) believed that ________ drove sensation-seeking, whilst _____ inhibited sensation-seeking
- AStimulus-hunger; anxiety
- BStimulus-hunger; inhibition to the unfamiliar
- CDopamine; serotonin
- DThe thalamus; the amygdala
20Which of the following did James Pennebaker find that inhibited people showed whilst being deceptive?
- ABehavioural tension; high physiological arousal
- BIncreased skin conductance; guilt
- CIncreased skin conductance; muscle tension
- DIncreased heart rate; muscle tension
21Strelau described reactivity as .....
- AHow much of a response is made to an event; capacity to keep responding to change
- BHow reactive an individual is to emotionally-arousing stimuli
- CHow congruent an individual's behaviours are with their level of physiological arousal
- DA trait associated with high levels of impulsivity and neuroticism
22_________ are considered to be highly inheritable, whilst ________ are considered to be least inheritable
- AIQ and openness; conscientiousness and agreeableness
- BConscientiousness and IQ; agreeableness and extraversion
- CNeuroticism and IQ; extraversion and agreeableness
- DNeuroticism and openess; extraversion and IQ
23Trait approaches to personality most commonly employ ______ methods
- ASelf-report
- BObservational
- CQualitative
- DReflective
24Which of the following is not a strength of trait approaches to personality?
- ACost-effective
- BCan gather large amounts of data
- COffers insight into individual differences
- DResponses tend to be consistent over time
25Which of the following is not a weakness of trait approaches?
- AOpen to response bias
- BResponses may differ over time
- CMay have low validity
- DSupported by limited empirical evidence
26In order to avoid circular reasoning in trait approaches, researchers must demonstrate....
- AThat personality traits predict behaviour in novel situations
- BThat personality traits endure over time
- CThat there is a biological correlate of personality traits
- DThat the behaviour cannot be better explained by another trait
27_________ is used to narrow down a large number of traits into fundamental elements
- AFactor analysis
- BStatistical analysis
- CDifferential prediction
- DPrediction analysis
28Cattell concluded that _______ of personality was genetic, whilst ________ was environmental
- A1/3; 2/3
- B3/4; 1/4
- C2/5; 3/5
- D2/3; 1/3
29What are Eysenck's 'super traits'
- Aextraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
- BExtraversion; emotional stability; narcissism
- COpenness, extraversion, neuroticism
- DAgreeableness; extraversion; neuroticism
30Eysenck believed that individual differences in extraversion were the result of different levels of _____________ in the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)
- ACortisol
- BDopamine
- CAdrenaline
- DNoradrenaline
31Costa and McCrae discovered the five-factor model using a __________ approach
- AClinical
- BExperimental
- CCorrelational
- DLexical
32Costa and McCrae found that _______ of people from individualistic countries displayed individualist personalities
- A60%
- B75%
- C90%
- D87%
33Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism tend to _________ from teens to early 30s
- ADecline
- BIncrease
- CIntensify
- DBe inhibited
34Conscientiousness and agreeableness tend to ________ from teens to early 30s
- Aincrease
- Bdecrease
- Cbe developed
- Dbe inhibited
35Personality traits are not highly predictive of ...
- AIsolated behaviours
- BGeneral tendencies
- CAmalgamated behaviours
- DIndividual differences
36Non-shared environmental factors are...
- AExperiences that make individuals within the same family less alike
- BExperiences which define individual differences in a population
- CExperiences shared by individuals in the same family, but not shared by those outside of the family unit
- DEnvironments that facilitate the development of specific patterns of behaviour
37Studies on twins reared apart suggested that shared environment plays _________ role in the development of adult personality
- AA significant
- Bvery little
- Cthe biggest
- Dthe most influential
38Key features of Freud's topographic model were...
- AId, Ego, superego
- Bconscious, preconscious, unconscious
- Cpsychic determinism, symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation
- DDreams, ambivalence, defence mechanisms
39Freud
___________ mental processes are not conscious, but could become conscious at any time- APreconscious
- BUnconscious
- CThe superego's
- DRepressed
40When the _________ percieves the id's wishes to be fulfilling, the _________ 'disguises' these wishes under symbols in dreams
- ASuperego; ego
- BEgo; superego
- CEgo; ego
- DSuperego; superego
41If actions cannot resolve an anxiety-provoking situation, the _______ engages defence mechanisms
- AEgo
- BSuperego
- CId
- DPreconscious
42According to Freud, all infants engage in a form of repression referred to as ________
- Ainfantile amnesia
- BAdolescent repression
- CInfant repression
- DInfanticide
43Regression refers to ...
- AReturning to an earlier stage of psychosexual development when under stress
- BReturning to a more comforting stage of development when under emotional stress
- CReturning to a 'safer' stage of development following a traumatic experience
44Reaction-formation is...
- AThe transformation of 'unacceptable' feelings into their opposite
- BAttribution of unacknowledged feelings or impulses onto others
- CIndirect expression of anger towards others
- DRationalisation of behaviours using abstract ideas
45Freud explains isolation as...
- AThe severing of emotional ties to a memory source
- BThe severing of significant social relationships
- CA reflection of conflict between the Superego and the Id
- DA key predictor of psychosexual
46Wider issues of the genital stage of psychosexual development include...
- AMaturity in relationships, responsibility
- BSublimation of aggressive and sexual urges
- CIdentification with others, establishment of conscience
- DCompliance and defiance
47Wider issues of the latency stage of psychosexual development include...
- AMaturity in relationships, responsibility
- BSublimation of aggressive and sexual impulses
- CIdentification with others, development of a conscience
48Wider issues associated with the phallic stage of psychosexual development include...
- AIdentification with others, establishment of a conscience
- BRepression of aggressive and sexual impulses
- CDependency and attachment
- DCompliance and defiance
49Word-association tests, analysis of transferrence and life history methods are all __________
- APsychoanalytic tests
- BSubjective tests
- CInvalid methods of investigation
- DNeufreudian tests
50Neo-freudians include...
- ACarl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler
- BAlfred Adler, Walter Mischel, Morton Prince
- CCarl Jung, Janet, Murray, Alfred Adler
51____________ objected to the gender-biased notion of penis-envy
- AKaren Horney
- BAna Charcot
- CJanet Freidman
- DAlison Adley
52_____________ suggested the idea of the 'collective unconscious'
- ACarl Jung
- BFreud
- CCharcot
- DAlfred Adler
53Alfred adler identified ____________ to be the principle motive of personality
- ASexuality
- BAggression
- CStriving for superiority
- DSocialisation
54Object relations theory stemmed from _____________
- APsychoanalysis
- BBehaviourism
- CSocial learning theories
- Dsocial cognitive theories
55Rotter (1966): The extent to which individuals believe that life events lie within their control
- ASelf-efficacy
- Blocus of control
- CInternal locus
- DSelf-determination
56Albert bandura, walter miscel, george kelly and rowell huesmann were key theorists of ....
- ASocial learning theory
- BSocial cognitive theory
- CObject relations theory
- DBehaviourists theory
57Carl Roger's model of personality (1947) included...
- AOrganism, self and conditions of worth
- BConscious, preconscious, and unconscious
- CTrue self, false self, ideal self
58___________ suggested that people are fundamentally good, but are held back from their full potential by social experiences
- ARosseau
- BCarl Rogers
- CMaslow
- DWalter Mischel
59Which of the following is not a limitation of humanistic theories of personality?
- ANon-comprehensive theory of the development of personality
- BLittle empirical evidence overall
- CMany approaches not testable/falisifiable
- DAssumes insight and self-awareness
60_________ paved the way for the 'positive psychology' movement
- AMaslow
- BCarl Rogers
- CFreud
- DCharcot
61________ identified that approximately 1-2% of historical figures were 'self-actualised'
- ACarl Rogers
- BMaslow
- CFreud
- DCharcot
62According to Carl rogers, a person's self concept is...
- AAn organised pattern. of thoughts and perceptions about themself
- Bdeveloped through a series of interactions with the external world
- CA set of beliefs about their identity and role in the world
- DAn idealised version of their true self
63According to carl rogers, differences in personality arise from ....
- ADifferent conditions of worth imposed on people by others
- BIncongruence between the ideal self and the true self
- CThe expression of the false self to hide the true self
- DAttempts to achieve self-actualisation
64________ argued that life is essentially meaningless, and humans have no fixed nature
- AJean-Paul Satre
- BCharlot
- CCarl Jung
- DJeffrey young
65Schemas are....
- AFrameworks which bias our perception of life events
- BFrameworks of life based on prior experiences
- CComposed of scripts internalised from others
- DMaladaptive, and predispose individuals to personality disorders
66Jeffrey Young's therapy for personality disorders is based on _________
- AEarly maladaptive schemas
- BChildhood trauma
- CDream interpretation
- DUnhealthy coping mechanisms
67Which of the following validity scales does the MMPI not contain?
- AMMPI L
- BMMPI F
- CMMPI K
- DMMPI R
68Which validity scale assesses denial of trivial faults, suggesting impression management?
- AMMPI L
- BMMPI K
- CMMPI F
69What validity scale contains items that people in the general population rarely endorse, indicating malingering?
- AMMPI F
- BMMPI L
- CMMPI K
70Which validity scale contains items that measure defensive/guarded responding?
- AMMPI L
- BMMPI K
- CMMPI F
71MMPI 1 and 2 have...
- ALow face validity
- BHigh face validity
- C2 criterion groups
- DPoor reliability
72Psychologists cannot use the MMPI2 scale to...
- Aformally diagnose specific disorders
- Bdistinguish between mental disorders
- Cdetect symptoms of mental disorders
- Dpay their rent
73The CPI measures...
- APhysical disorders
- BPsychiatric disorders
- CPersonality disorders
- DPersonality traits
74The CPI was constructed...
- ARationally
- BEmpirically
- Ctheoretically
- Dobjectively
75The NEO-PI-R and the MBTI are both...
- ATheoretically constructed
- BEmpirically constructed
- CBased on psychodynamic theory
- DProjective tests
76The NEO-PI-R has _______ validity
- Alow
- Bhigh
- Cmoderate
- Dno
77The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was loosely based on _________'s work
- AJung
- BFreud
- CCarl Rogers
- DAlfred Addler
78Which of the following are associated with interpretation of ambiguous stimuli?
- AProjective tests
- BObjective tests
- CHumanistic tests
- DAbstract tests
79The tendency of people to accept vague descriptions as applying specifically to them
- APT Barnum effect
- BMalingering
- CSubjectivity
- DTheoretical construction
80Projective tests have __________ validity and reliability
- ALow
- BHigh
- CModerate
- DDisputed
81Which projective test can predict delinquency and moral development?
- AFinishing incomplete sentences
- BRorschach inkblot test
- CThematic apperception test
- DGraphology
82Psychoanalysts believe that projective tests circumvent patient's _____________
- ADefense mechanisms
- BMalingering
- Cimpression management
- DUnconscious conflicts
83Rorschach's inkblot test can identify ...
- Adisorders marked by abnormal thinking
- Bsevere depression or anxiety
- Cunconscious motives
- Dindividuals with a high 'need for achievement'
84The TAT is valid for assessing...
- Aoccupational success and object relations
- BMental disorders and current thoughts
- CMood-congruent tendencies and mental disorders
- DConditions marked by abnormal thinking
85_________ is the perception of a non-existant correlation between variables
- Aillusory correlation
- BExistential association
- CThematic association
- DRepresentativeness heuristic
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- Quiz on personality, created by iz d on 02/06/2021.
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- iz d
- Language
- English
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