Anatomy

Cell Anatomy

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• CELL: THE BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT OF LIVING ORGANISMS
• 3 MAIN PARTS OF A CELL:
• - PLASMA MEMBRANE
• - CYTOPLASM
• - NUCLEUS

DNA Transcription

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• - DNA MESSAGES ARE COPIED INTO EQUIVALENT RNA MOLECULE (mRNA)
• - mRNA TRAVELS TO CYTOPLASM
• - ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND GOLGI APPARATUS TRANSLATE MESSAGE AND MAKE PROTEIN FROM BLUEPRINT

DNA Molecule

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• 
• Caption: DOUBLE HELIX
• Caption: NUCLEOTIDES: CROSSBARS OF MOLECULES CONNECTING TWO STRANDS OF MOLECULES IN THE DOUBLE HELIX

Chromosome

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• - CHROMOSOME: MOLECULES OF DNA CARRIED IN PAIRS OF SIMILAR STRANDS
• - CENTROMERE: STRUCTURE THAT CONNECTS TWO STRANDS OF DNA IN A CHROMOSOME TOGETHER

Body Fluid Compartments

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• - INTRACELLULAR FLUID: FOUND WITHIN CELLS
• - EXTRACELLULAR FLUID: WATER OUTSIDE OF CELLS
• - INTERSTITIAL FLUID: EXTRACELLULAR FLUID LOCATED WITHIN TISSUES
• - PLASMA AND LYMPH: EXTRACELLULAR FLUID LOCATED IN BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS

Cell Membrane Transport

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• - PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
• - DIFFUSION: PERMEABLE SUBSTANCE GO THROUGH MEMBRANE TO EQUAL OUT CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
• - FACILITATED DIFFUSION: NON-FREELY PERMEABLE MOLECULES BIND TO CARRIER MODULE FOR TRANSPORT
• - ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS REQUIRES ENERGY EXPENDITURE
• - REQUIRES A CARRIER MODULE OR MODIFICATION OF CELL MEMBRANE
• - USED WHEN MOLECULES AREN'T PERMEABLE TO MEMBRANE, MUST BE MOVED AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, OR ARE TOO LARGE TO CROSS MEMBRANE

Mitosis

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• - CELLS REPRODUCE BY DIVIDING TO YIELD 2 IDENTICAL CELLS
• - 4 PHASES
• - PROPHASE: CHROMOSOMES BEGIN TO CONDENSE AND THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISSOLVES
• - METAPHASE: CHROMOSOMES LINE UP IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CELL
• - ANAPHASE: CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED APART
• - TELOPHASE: CELL BEGINS TO PINCH IN HALF SO THAT A NEW MEMBRANE EVENTUALLY FORMS
• - INTERPHASE: PORTION OF A CELL'S LIFE WHEN NO CELL DIVISION OCCURS (CELLS SPEND MAJORITY OF TIME HERE)

Body Cavities

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• 5 MAJOR BODY CAVITIES:
• DORSAL CAVITIES:
• - CRANIAL
• - SPINAL
• VENTRAL CAVITIES:
• - THORACIC
• - ABDOMINAL
• - PELVIC

Tissue

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• - EPITHELIAL TISSUE: SKIN, COVERING, PROTECTION
• - MUSCLE TISSUE:
• - VOLUNTARY/STRIATED
• - INVOLUNTARY/SMOOTH
• - CARDIAC
• - CONNECTIVE TISSUE: FIBROUS, CONNECTS/SUPPORTS
• - NERVE TISSUE: CARRIES MESSAGES TO/FROM BRAIN

Lymph System

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• CARRIES NUTRIENTS, WASTES, HORMONES, GASES TO/FROM BODY CELLS/PROVIDES PROTECTION AND IMMUNITY

Cardiovascular System

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• PUMPS BLOOD

Endocrine System

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• SECRETES HORMONES

Digestive System

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• PROCESSES FOOD

Integumentary System

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• 
• Caption: SKIN, HAIR, CLAWS, HOOVES, ETC - ALONG WITH SENSORY ORGANS, ENCASES THE BODY, REGULATES ITS TEMPERATURE, COMMUNICATES TOUCH, ETC
• Caption: SENSORY ORGANS

Musculoskeletal System

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• 
• Caption: SKELETAL SYSTEM - SUPPORTS BODY STRUCTURES
• Caption: MUSCULAR SYSTEM - CARRIES OUT NERVE COMMANDS

Nervous System

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• CARRIES NERVE IMPULSES TO AND FROM THE BRAIN

Respiratory System

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• CONDUCTS OXYGEN INTO, AND CARBON DIOXIDE OUT OF, THE BODY

Reproductive System

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• 
• Caption: FEMALE
• Caption: MALE

Urinary System

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• PRODUCES AND EXCRETES URINE

Anatomical Planes

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• 4 BASIC PLANES:
• - DORSAL PLANE: IMAGINARY LINE THAT DIVIDES THE BODY INTO DORSAL AND VENTRAL PORTIONS
• - MEDIAL PLANE: IMAGINARY LINE THAT EXTENDS DIRECTLY DOWN THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY, DIVIDING IT INTO EQUAL RIGHT AND LEFT PORTIONS
• - SAGITTAL PLANE: IMAGINARY LINE THE DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT UNEQUAL PARTS
• - TRANSVERSE PLANE: IMAGINARY CROSS SECTION THAT DIVIDES THE BODY INTO CRANIAL AND CAUDAL PARTS

Anatomical Directions

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• 
• Caption: - CRANAIL: HEAD PORTION; - CAUDAL: TAIL PORTION; - ROSTRAL: NOSE END OF THE HEAD; - PROXIMAL: NEARER POINT OF ORIGINA; - DISTAL: FARTHER FROM POINT OF ORIGIN; - PALMAR: CAUDAL SURFACE OF FORELIMB BELOW CARPUS; - PLANTAR: CAUDAL SURFACE OF HIND LIMB BELOW TARSUS
• Caption: - ANTERIOR: FRONT OF BODY; - POSTERIOR: REAR END OF BODY

Axial Skeleton

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• 
• Caption: CRANIUM
• Caption: SKULL, HYOID BONES, RIBS, STERNUM, VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Appendicular Skeleton

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• 
• Caption: ALSO SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)

External Anatomy - Head & Middle Portion

External Anatomy - Anterior & Posterior

Common Veins

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• MOST COMMONLY USED VEINS IN DOGS:
• - CEPHALIC VEIN
• - JUGULAR VEIN
• - LATERAL SAPHENOUS VEIN
• MOST COMMONLY USED VEINS IN CATS:
• - CEPHALIC VEIN
• - JUGULAR VEIN
• - FEMORAL VEIN
• - MEDIAL SAPHENOUS VEIN

Muscles

Digestive System

Urogenital System

Types of Muscle Cells

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• 3 TYPES:
• (A) SKELETAL (STRIATED) MUSCLE
• (B) VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE
• (C) CARDIAC MUSCLE

Thoracic Muscles

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• * ON DORSAL SURFACE OF RADIUS AND ULNA ARE A VARIETY OF MUSCLES THAT FLEX THE ELBOW JOINT, EXTEND THE CARPAL JOINT, AND EXTEND THE DIGITS.
• OPPOSING MUSCLES ALONG THE PALMAR SURFACE OF THE FORELEG ARE MUSCLES THAT FLEX THE CARPAL JOINT OR DIGITS AND EXTEND THE ELBOW JOINT

Pelvic Muscles

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• * BICEPS FEMORIS, SEMITENDINOSUS, AND SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MUSCLES ARE COLLECTIVELY CALLED THE HAMSTRINGS
• ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TIBIA HAS SEVERAL MUSCLES THAT CAUSE THE KNEE TO EXTEND, THE ANKLE TO BEND, AND THE DIGITS TO EXTEND
• MUSCLES THAT TRAVEL ALONGSIDE AND ATTACH TO THE VERTEBRAE FLEX AND EXTEND THE SPINE OR ALLOW THE SPINE TO TURN SIDE TO SIDE
• MUSCLES CONNECTING THE NECK AND HEAD TO THE SHOULDER AND THORACIC LIMB PULL THE THORACIC LIMB FORWARD OR FLEX THE NECK AND BRING THE HEAD DOWN
• MUSCLES ALONG THE DORSAL NECK AND SPINE HELP PULL THE HEAD UP
• MUSCLES IN THE HEAD ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR FACIAL EXPRESSION, CHEWING, AND MOVEMENTS OF THE EYES AND EARS

Skeletal Muscle Cell

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• DURING CONTRACTION, MYOSIN FILAMENTS SLIDE BETWEEN THE ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS; SHORTENS MYOFIBRIL
• DURING RELAXATION, ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS SLIDE PASSIVLEY BACK OVER MYOSIN FILAMENTS INTO THEIR ORIGINAL POSITIONS

Visceral Muscle Cell

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• NEUROTRANSMITTERS FROM INVOLUNTARY NERVE ENDINGS STIMULATE OR INHIBIT CONTRACTION
• SMOOTH MUSCLE CAN MAINTAIN STEADY STATE OF CONTRACTION (TONE)

Cardiac Muscle

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• CARDIAC MUSCLE IS SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS A SYNCYTIUM (A MULTINUCLEAR CELL-LIKE STRUCTURE) BECAUSE THE CELLS ARE SO CLOSELY BOUND AND THE EXCITATION SIGNAL SO EASILY TRANSMITTED FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER.