Karteikarten
Sampling
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1Name 3 different research designsIndependent groups
matched pairs
repeated measures - 2What is the independent groups designWhen separate groups of pps complete different conditions in a study
- 3What are the advantages of independent groups design?No demand characteristics.
Order effects are also eliminated. - 4What are the disadvantages of independent groups?Individual differences are not controlled or kept constant, therefore confounding variables such as IQ may effect the results of the study.
More participants are needed than repeated measures design. - 5How do you manage the disadvantages in an independent groups design.Randomly allocate pps to each condition which in theory would distribute pps confounding variables evenly.
Use a matched pairs design to maintain the advantages and minimise disadvantages. - 6What is a matched pairs design?Type of independent groups design where pps are mainly matched by characteristics that are relevant to one study. One pps completes one condition while the other completes the other condition.
- 7What is an advantage to matched pairs?No demand characteristics.
Order effects
Confounding variables are controlled. - 8What is a disadvantage to matched pairs?Can be time consuming and difficult to match pps on key variables.
Not possible to match on all variables, because only know variables relevant to study. - 9How do you deal with the disadvantages of a matched pairs design?Restrict the number of variables.#
Conduct a pilot study to consider key variables. - 10What is a repeated measures design?All pps complete each condition of the study and then the performance/ behaviour is compared across the different tasks.
- 11What are the advantages of repeated measures design?Individual differences are controlled, and kept constant.
This reduces the impact of confounding variables
Fewer pps are required to complete the study. - 12What are the disadvantaged of repeated measures?Demand characteristics.
Order effects. - practice effect or boredom effect. - 13How do you deal with the disadvantages of repeated measures.Remain vague about the purpose of the study.
Use counter balancing to deal with order effects - 14What is a target population?The group of individuals that a researcher is interested in studying e.g people in Uk
- 15What is a sampling frame?A smaller group that is identified when it is unrealistic to study the whole target population.
- 16What is self-selected sampling?PPs select themselves for the research, e.g responding to an advertisement in a newspaper.
- 17What are the advantages of self-selected sampling?Avoids researcher bias as they do not select the sample themselves.
Can be less time consuming as participants do not have to be categories into strata, like in techniques such as stratified sampling. - 18What are the disadvantages of self-selected sampling?Could be effected by population bias as the type of people who naturally volunteer, and do not tend to be representative of the target population.
- 19What is opportunity sampling?pps selected at the researcher's convenience without knowing any details about the sample in advance. e.g picking people who were there at the time, location wise.
- 20What is the advantages of opportunity sampling?Easy and Quick compared to other sampling methods because you pick them at convenience, and there's no need to know details about each pp first or divide into groups.
- 21What are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?Could be effected by researcher bias. May not be representative.
- 22What is random sampling?PPs are selected from the sampling frame. where everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
- 23What are the advantages of random sampling?Avoids researcher bias as all members of the target population have an equal chance of being selected.
- 24What are the disadvantages of random sampling?It is not representative because there may be bias by chance.
- 25What is quota sampling?Target population is divided into sub groups, and pps are chosen from each subgroup at the convenience of the researcher.
- 26What are the advantages of quota sampling?More representative than other sampling methods as you divide people into subgroups first so that the results can be generalised.
- 27What are the disadvantages of quota sampling?Could still be affected by researcher bias because not everyone in the sub group has an equal chance of being selected. so the pps may not be representative.
- 28What is stratified sampling?Target group is divided into subgroups and the pps are selected randomly from each sub group
- 29What are the advantages of stratified sampling?Tends to be more representative than other sampling methods as you divide people into sub groups, then randomly sample from the subgroups, enabling you to generalise the results.
- 30What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?Slow and complicated.
Those selected may not want to participate and so quota/strata isn't filled. - 31What is systematic sampling?Selecting every nth. person on a list of target population.
- 32What are the advantages of systematic sampling?avoids researcher bias.
- 33What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?could be affected by bias as the sample is not likely to provide a cross-section from the target population.
- 34What is snowball sampling?Current pps recruit further pps from people they know.
- 35Enables a researcher to located pps who will usually be difficult to access.Could be affected by bias as the sample is not likely to provide a cross section from the target population because it includes friends of friends.
- 36What is time sampling?pps are observed during specific time periods. The specific behaviour is tallied at each interval and then the average is taken from across the intervals
- 37What are the advantages of time sampling?Allows behaviours to be observed that occur too frequently for efficient event sampling and gives an indication of how frequently behaviour may occur over a longer period of time.
- 38What are the disadvantages of time sampling.Behaviours are likely to be missed meaning the observation may not be representative.
- 39What is event sampling?PPs are observed carrying out particular events/ activities.
- 40What is an advantage of event sampling?Behaviours are less likely to be missed.
- 41What is the disadvantage of event sampling?Difficult to record all behaviours if too many observations/ events happen at once.
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- A-level Psychology (Unit 2 ) Karteikarten am Sampling, erstellt von Evie Horne am 23/10/2017.
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- Evie Horne
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