Karteikarten
Module 25
Karten in diesem Stapel (22)
- 1CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
- 2ConceptA mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- 3PrototypeA mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
- 4AlgorithmA methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.
- 5HeuristicA simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
- 6InsightA sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
- 7Confirmation BiasA tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
- 8Mental SetA tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
- 9IntuitionAn effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
- 10Availability HeuristicEstimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
- 11OverconfidenceThe tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
- 12Belief PerseveranceClinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
- 13FramingThe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
- 14CreativityThe ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
- 15Convergent ThinkingNarrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
- 16Divergent ThinkingExpanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
- 17ExpertiseWell-developed knowledge—furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks.
- 18Imaginative Thinking SkillsProvide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections.
- 19A Venturesome PersonalitySeeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles.
- 20Intrinsic MotivationThe quality of being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures.
- 21A Creative EnvironmentSparks, supports, and refines creative ideas.
- 22FixationInability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving.