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Karteikarten

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Shaine Trinidad Englisch 136 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (136)

  1. 1Upper respiratory tract is __________ to vocal cords. Lower respiratory tract is ________ to vocal cords.Upper respiratory tract is SUPERIOR to vocal cords.
    Lower respiratory tract is INFERIOR to vocal cords.
  2. 2Roof of the internal portion of the nose is formed by _____ and _____ bones.Roof of the internal portion of the nose is formed by ETHMOID and SPHENOID bones.
  3. 3Floor of the internal portion of the nose is formed by _____ and_____ bone.Floor of the internal portion of the nose is formed by MAXILLA and PALATINE bone.
  4. 4Respiratory Epithelium is.....?Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells.
  5. 5Olfactory Epithelium houses receptors for _____.Olfactory Epithelium houses receptors for SMELL.
  6. 6Bony projections on lateral walls of internal nose?Bony projections on lateral walls of internal nose?
    CONCHAE (turbinate bones)
  7. 7What is the choanae and what does it open to? Hint: There is an externalInternal Nares
    - opens to Pharynx
  8. 8In the nasal cavity, what is the midline partition of bone and cartilage? Hint: Medial to conchaeNasal Septum
  9. 9What FOUR bones have paranasal sinuses? Hint: SMEFSphenoid
    Maxillary
    Ethmoid
    Frontal
  10. 10The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube about ___ cm. longThe pharynx is 13 cm long
  11. 11The pharynx extends from the _________ to the _________The pharynx extends from the INTERNAL NARES to the CRICOID CARTILAGE
  12. 12TONSILS: Location + Type of TissuePharynx + Lymphatic Tissue
  13. 13Name the 3 regions of the PharynxNasopharynx
    Oropharynx
    Laryngopharynx
  14. 14The Nasopharynx extends from the _________ to the _________.The Nasopharynx extends from the INTERNAL NARES to the SOFT PALATE.
  15. 15The auditory (Eustachian) tubes are found in lateral walls of the ____________Nasopharynx
  16. 16What tonsil is found in the Nasopharynx?Pharyngeal (Adenoid) Tonsil
  17. 17What kind of tissue is the Nasopharynx made out of?EPITHELIUM = Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells.
    *One cell thick, easily irrated ie. milk shot out your nose*
  18. 18Fauces is the opening to the __________?Mouth
  19. 19What type of tissue is the Oropharynx lined with?Stratified squamous epithelium
  20. 20What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx?Palatine and Lingual Tonsils
  21. 21The Laryngopharynx extends from the ________ to the ________.The Laryngopharynx extends from the HYOID BONE to the CRICOID CARTILAGE.
  22. 22The Laryngopharynx ends as the __________. Hint: Inferiorly becomes.....Esophagus
  23. 23The Laryngopharynx is line with this type of tissue?Stratified Squamos Epithelium
  24. 24Larynx is at which cervical spinal bones?C4 to C6
  25. 25The Larynx consists of ___ single, ___ paired cartilages.3 single, 3 paired
  26. 26What is another name for Adam's Apple?Thyroid Cartilage
  27. 27Ring of cartilage attached to Trachea Hint: located in LarynxCricoid Cartilage
  28. 28Leaf- shaped elastic cartilage, covers glottis during swallowing. Hint: LarynxEpiglottis
  29. 29Which elastic cartilage in the Larynx supports the vocal cords and epiglottis?Cuneiform Cartilage
  30. 30What are the 3 single cartilages of the Larynx?Thyroid Cartilage
    Cricoid Cartilage
    Epligottis
  31. 31What are the 3 paired cartilages of the Larynx?Cuneiform Cartilages
    Corniculate Cartilages
    Arytenoid Cartilages
  32. 32What are the elastic cartilages at the tip of each Arytenoid?Corniculate Cartilages
  33. 33These hyaline cartilages move the vocal cords, as they sit atop of the Cricoid Cartilage?Arytenoid Cartilage
  34. 34Which is the false vocal cord?Vestibular Fold
  35. 35Which is the true vocal cord?Vocal Cord
  36. 36What is attached to the arytenoid cartilages? Hint: Not corniculate cartilages(True) Vocal Cords
  37. 37True vocal cords consist of __________ and __________.True vocal cords consist of SKELETAL MUSCLE and ELASTIC (VOCAL) LIGAMENTS.
  38. 38Muscles of the ________ move cartilages and stretch vocal cords.Larynx
  39. 39Sound is produced when vocal cords vibrate as air moves through the ________.Glottis
  40. 40Pitch depends on _______ and _______ of the vocal cordsPitch depends on LENGTH and TENSION of the vocal cords
  41. 41Longer and thicker vocal cords results in....?Deeper Voice (Males)
  42. 42Volume of voice depends on the force of __________Air
  43. 43The Trachea is ____ cm long, and ____ cm in diameterThe Trachea is 12 cm long, and 2.5 cm in diameter
  44. 44The trachea extends from the _______ to the _____ vertebraeThe trachea extends from the LARYNX to the T5 vertebrae
  45. 45Another word for respiratory epitheliumMucosa
  46. 46The trachea is made up of about ___-___ "C" shaped rings of _______ cartilageThe trachea is made up of about 16-20
    "C" shaped rings of HYALINE cartilage
  47. 47The "C" shaped rings of the trachea are connected by elastic __________ (flexible)The "C" shaped rings of the trachea are connected by elastic ANNULAR LIGAMENTS (flexible)
  48. 48What is the internal ridge at the trachea bifurcation? Hint: Sensitive, triggers cough reflexCarina
  49. 49The Bronchial Tree consists of main _______ and ___ generations of their branchesThe Bronchial Tree consists of main BRONCHI and 23 generations of their branches
  50. 50In each lung, how many bronchioles can you find?300,000 bronchioles/ each lung
  51. 51Name the segments from Trachea to AlveoliTrachea
    Main (Primary) Bronchi
    Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi
    Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi
    Bronchioles
    Alveoli
  52. 52How many lobes in Right and Left lung?3 Lobes - Right Lung
    2 Lobes - Left Lung
  53. 53Which bronchi supplies each bronchopulmonary segment?Segmental Bronchi
  54. 54Bronchi are lined with what type of tissue?Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
  55. 55Bronchioles are lined with what type of tissue?Non-ciliated simple cuboidal
  56. 56Bronchi walls are supported by incomplete _________Bronchi walls are supported by incomplete CARTILAGE RINGS
  57. 57In Terminal Bronchioles, muscle spasms can completely close airways (asthma) because?There is NO CARTILAGE in terminal bronchioles
  58. 58Terminal bronchioles end in _________ (alveoli in walls)Terminal bronchioles end in RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (alveoli in walls)
  59. 59Lung lobules are small compartments wrapped in what type of tissue?Elastic Connective Tissue
  60. 60Lobules of the lungs contain (4) structuresLymphatic Vessels
    Arterioles
    Venules
    Branch of Terminal Brionchiole
  61. 61What type of tissue lines the respiratory bronchiole? Hint: Alveoli in wallSimple Squamous Epithelium
  62. 62A simple squamous epithelium, that is a site for gas exchangeType I Alveolar Cell
  63. 63Alveoli with a common openingAlveolar Sac
  64. 64They have microvilli on free surface, and secrete surfactant, which decreased surface tension within an alveoliType II Alveolar Cell
    (Septal Cell)
  65. 65What is a Dust Cell and what does it do?Alveolar Macrophage
    -wandering macrophage
    -engulfs debris
  66. 66What fissures are on the RIGHT Lobe?Horizontal and Oblique Fissure
  67. 67What fissures are on the LEFT Lobe?Oblique Fissure
  68. 68On the mediastinal surface, vessels and bronchi enter the lungs at the _______Hilum
    *Root of lung, anchor*
  69. 69How thick is the Respiratory Membrane?0.5 um thick
  70. 704 Layers of the Respiratory MembraneType 1 Alveolar Endothelium
    Alveolar Epithelial Basement
    *interstitial fluid*
    Capillary Wall Basement Membrane
    Capillary Endothelium
  71. 715 processes involved in gas exchange Hint: GP ICEGas Transport
    Pulmonary Ventilation
    Internal Respiration
    Cell Respiration
    External Respiration
  72. 72What happens when the pressure inside our lungs is less than atmospheric pressure?Air moves into the lungs
  73. 73What happens when pressure inside our lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure?Air moves out of our lungs
  74. 74Atmospheric Pressure = 1 atm or ____ mm Hg760 mm Hg
  75. 75What is the name of the pressure within the lungs and what is it at rest?Intrapulmonary pressure = pressure within the lungs
    Atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) at rest
  76. 76"If temperature is held constant, the pressure of gas varies INVERSELY with its volume." Who's Law?Boyle's Law
    If temperature is constant, gas pressure values are opposite to volume.
  77. 77Increase in thoracic volume leads to .....?Decrease in thoracic pressure
  78. 78In inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure becomes.....?Negative (Less than sub-atmospheric level)
  79. 79Is Inspiration an active or passive process?Active Process
  80. 80Expiration is a passive process caused by ________ ________ of lung and thoracic tissueElastic Recoil
  81. 81In expiration does intra-pulmonary volume increase or decrease? intra-pulmonary pressure?Decrease Volume = smaller lungs
    Increase Pressure = gas leaves lungs
  82. 82In forced inspiration what contracts?In forced inspiration EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL M. and the DIAPHRAGM contract
  83. 83In forced inspiration, what are the 4 accessory muscles that contract for respiration? Hint: STPSSternocleidomastiod
    Trapezius
    Pectoralis Minor
    Scalenes
  84. 84Is forced expiration an active or passive process?Active
  85. 85Is expiration an active or passive process?Passive
  86. 862 mechanisms that favour collapse- Elasticity of alveolar walls
    - Intra- alveolar surface tension
  87. 874 mechanisms that favour expansion Hint: NENS- Negative interpleural pressure
    - Extra-alveolar surface tension
    - Non-diffusable gases
    - Surfactant
  88. 88How much of what we breathe is N2 (nitrogen)?70%
  89. 89How is intra-alveolar surface tension created?By a thin layer of fluid within alveoli
  90. 90A healthy adult averages how many breaths per minute?12 breathes/ min
  91. 91How much volume of air is moved in and out of the lungs per breath?500 mL/ breath
  92. 92The volume of one breathtidal volume
  93. 93The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minuteMinute Ventilation
  94. 94Equation for Minute VentilationMV =
    Respiratory Rate (Breaths/Min) x
    Tidal Volume (mL/breathe)
  95. 95The apparatus commonly used to measure the volume of air exchanged during breathing and respiratory rateSpirometer
  96. 96Name of the recorded results of a spirometerSpirogram
  97. 97In a typical adult, about how much in percentage of the tidal volume, actually reaches the respiratory zone (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, alveoli)70%
    70% of 500 mL (total of air in out of lungs) = 350 mL that actually reach respiratory zone
  98. 98By taking a deep breath, you can inhale more than 500 mL. What is the additional inhaled air called, and how much is found in males and females?Inspiratory Reserve Volume
    Males: 3100 mL
    Females: 1900 mL
  99. 99Conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory exchangeAnatomic (Respiratory) Dead Space
  100. 100The volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zoneAlveolar Ventilation Rate
  101. 101The measurement of volume passed the 500 mL in forced exhalation How much in males and females?Expiratory Reserve Volume
    Males: 1200 mL
    Females: 700 mL
  102. 102The measurement of air remaining in lungs after exhalation, that cannot be measured How much in males and females?Residual Volume
    Males: 1200 mL
    Females: 1100 mL
  103. 103What is the name of the remaining air, after atmospheric pressure forces out some of the residual volumeMinimal Volume
  104. 104The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volumeInspiratory Capacity
  105. 105The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserveFunctional Residual Capacity
  106. 106The sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volumeVital Capacity
  107. 107The sum of vital capacity and residual volumeTotal Lung Capacity
  108. 108A diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the blood, occurs in the lungsExternal Respiration
  109. 1095 factors that determine diffusionSurface area
    Thickness of membrane
    Partial Pressure of Gases
    Solubility of Gases
    Ventilation - Perfusion Ratio
  110. 110What is the normal value of alveolar surface area ?70 m2 (Cubed)
  111. 111Surface area can be reduced by a disease that destroys alveolar wallsEmphysema
  112. 112Surface area can be reduced by removal of lung surfacePulmonectomy
  113. 113The _______ ________ exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the ______________ exerted independently by each gas in the mixture Who's Law?The TOTAL PRESSURE exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL PRESSURES exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
    Dalton's Law
  114. 114Portion of the total pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture of gasesPartial Pressure
  115. 115Composition of Atmospheric Air Nitrogen (N2)78%
  116. 116VENOUS BLOOD GASES PO2 = PCO2 =PO2 = 40 mm Hg
    PCO2 = 45 mm Hg
  117. 117Composition of Atmospheric Air Carbon Dioxide (CO2)0.04%
  118. 118Composition of Atmospheric Air Oxygen (O2)21%
  119. 119ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES PO2 = PCO2 =PO2 = 104 mm Hg
    PCO2 = mm Hg
  120. 120O2 dissolves poorly in water, how much of transported oxygen is dissolved in blood?1.5%
  121. 121If 1.5% of transported oxygen is dissolved in blood, what happens to the other 98.5% of O2?98.5% of Oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form OXYHEMOGLOBIN
  122. 122Carbon Dioxide Transport, how much is dissolved in plasma?7%
  123. 123In Carbon Dioxide Transport, how much combines with globin from Hb molecule to form carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)23%
  124. 124In Carbon Dioxide Transport, how much becomes a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)70%
  125. 125What part of the cell does cellular respiration occur?Mitochondria
  126. 126O2 and glucose produceATP
    plus H2O, CO2 as wastes
  127. 127What is the equation of cellular respiration?Glucose + O2 -->
    ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat
  128. 128Two areas of the brain that control respiratory centersMedulla - Rhythmicity Area
    Pons - Control Area
  129. 129Basic automatic rhythm of respiration is established by two respiratory group neurons in the medullaDorsal Respiratory Group
    Ventral Respiratory Group
  130. 130Where does the Dorsal and Ventral respiratory group neurons recieve input from?Chemoreceptors
  131. 131Which chemoreceptor is activated by an INCREASE of PCO2 and DECREASE in pH levels in cerebrospinal fluid?Central Chemoreceptors
  132. 132Which chemoreceptor is activated by an INCREASE of PCO2 and DECREASE in pH or extreme decrease of PO2 levels in blood?Peripheral Chemoreceptors
  133. 133What respiratory group neurons at as modifiers for the rhythm set by the medulla, and where is it located?Pontine Respiratory Group Neurons
  134. 134What respiratory group neurons stimulates prolonged inspiration, inhibiting exhalation?Pontine Respiratory Group Neurons
  135. 135What voluntarily alters breathing patterns?Cortical Influences
  136. 136Cortical influences emotions that exert influence from _______ system and _______Cortical influences emotions that exert influence from LIMBIC system and HYPOTHALAMUS

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Karteikarten am RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, erstellt von Shaine Trinidad am 03/04/2018.
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Shaine Trinidad
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