Karteikarten

Methods

Maddie Jones Englisch 14 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (14)

1Self Report KA 1Ann Campbell (1981) found that levels of crime and deviance admitted to by females and males were much closer than the police recorded figures tended to suggest. The OCS show that for every 1 crime women commit, men commit 5, so the ratio of crime is 1:5. This shows that men are much more criminal than women. However, Campbell carried out small scale self-report studies with her A level classes and found that for every 1 crime women committed, men committed 1.5, so the difference between crime rates of men and women is much closer than the OCS suggest (1:1.5).
2Self-Report KA 2John Graham and Ben Bowling conducted a SRS of 2,400 people aged 14-25. They were interviewed in their own home face to face
questionnaire which used 23 offences and asks them to admit which, if any, they had committed. Questions were about arson, theft, fraud, stealing, joy riding, drug offences and violent crimes. 1 in 2 men admitted to having committed crimes and 1 in 3 women. Crime rates for blacks and whites were equal.
•It is hard to detect
•You often need expert knowledge to identify crimes, e.g. Fraud, Insider dealing, Computer Crime
•It can be hard to notice if a crime has occurred – Fraud, Tax fraud, shop theft
• The bourgeoisie ensure that the laws surrounding white collar crime are lenient
3Self Report KA 3The study found children from single parent families and in care to have the highest criminality showing that crime rates rise as you decline the social class scale. Boys were twice as criminal as girls and crime rates were higher when parents were unemployed. They found correlations between impulsivity and children who had high levels of criminality were also more likely to be victims. She found lower offending rates for those youth closely supervised by parents.
4Self Report Crit 1Feminist victim surveys have tended to produce qualitative data on female victims of male crimes, most notably domestic violence and sexual attacks in which the main perpetrators are male. The first victim survey carried out into domestic violence was conducted by the liberal feminists, Dobash and Dobash in Scotland in 1980.
Dobash and Dobash found that such violence became ‘routine’ and ‘normal’. They found that men felt they had the right to punish or ‘discipline’ their wives for being ‘bad’ wives or mothers. Women too expected domestic violence to be a ‘normal’ part of their marriage, and consequently, rarely complained about it or sought medical attention.
5Self Report Crit 2
6Self Report Crit 3
7Official statistics KA 1Official statistics are reliable
They are up-to-date and standardised (the same data is requested from each institution at the same time). The statistics are gathered every year and in the same way. This makes the statistics reliable as they can be collected again and again to see emerging trends and patterns over time.
-The statistics are gathered every year and in the same way.
-Can see how crime rates change over time
-Can see which types of crime are more likely to be commited
//As such OCS can be used to inform social policy and government targets (government policies designed to help solve social problems like poverty and drug abuse.)
i.e. crime prevention, which areas are prevalent in crime , which types of crime are on the rise or decreasing
8Official statistics KA 2OCS are highly valid as the police, courts and prisons selected are chosen objectively. OCS provide lots of data, the police provide information on offending rates, the prisons on incarceration rates , and the courts on conviction rates for different crimes.
The NR argue that official crime statistics reflect a realistic image of a typical criminal i.e. more likely to be from ethnic minority background, underclass and therefore are useful in measuring crime.
i.e.
-Official statistics indicate that 67% of prisoners have been unemployed prior to imprisonment and 32% homeless which suggests that the majority of offenders come from lower social classes
-Official Statistics suggest that those of EM background have higher rates of offending than those of white ethnic background.
9Official Statistics KA 3OCS sampling technique use by home office is representative (43 police stations, courts prisons)
-OCS is collected objectively
- Realists believe there has been a significant rise in crime particularly assaults, burglary and street crime.
-OCS statistics reflect real crimes reported/recorded by the police and therefore Left Realists would argue they are useful for understanding the crime rate within the UK
-Self report studies and victim surveys, crimes rate is based on trust that the respondent is telling the truth.
-Left realists argue that the most important types of crime that need to be prevented are those at the centre of public concern i.e. street crime
-OCS is based on crime reported to the police and therefore reflects which crimes the public are most concerned about.
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10Victim Survey KA 1
11Victim Survey KA 2conducted in 1986 and then again in 1990. A similar study was conducted in Merseyside in 1984. These surveys are not only focused on specific geographical areas (inner city areas) but also on the impact of crime on individual’s lives and particularly vulnerable groups. The first study showed that a third of all households had been touched by serious crime in the last 12 months, crime was rated a major problem behind unemployment. The qualitative element of the survey unveiled that crime really shaped people’s lives; 25% of all people always avoided going out after dark because of a fear of crime, 28% felt unsafe in their own homes.
12Victim Survey KA 3The situational crime prevention strategy decreased crime in that area and also neighbouring areas. They sent victimisation surveys to households (1000 in total) before and after the new street lighting were installed. Respondents reported that they felt safer and this led to safer spaces because potential criminals feared being spotted
13CSEWThe CSEW is one of the largest social surveys conducted in Britain; it involves face to face structured interviews and has been carried out since 1982. It was called the British Crime Survey (BCS) until 2012. Since 2001 the survey has been conducted annually and now includes child aged 10-15 as part of their parent’s survey. The CSEW has a nationally representative sample of 35,000 adults and 3,000 children per year. The response rate in 2013- was 75% which is relatively high. Respondents are questioned in their own homes by trained interviews using a structured questionnaire that is administered on a laptop. The CSEW tends to show that crime is much higher than the OCS suggests, for some crimes up to 4 times. The CSEW has been successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimisation, which are the least likely-reported crimes. For these questions the laptop is given to the respondents and they are asked to complete in privacy in order to avoid embarrassment.
14What is a self report study?The final method of measuring crime involves asking people which crimes they themselves have committed. This technique is known as self-report studies and conducted using anonymous self-completion questionnaires. As well as being asked how often they commit illegal acts, respondents are generally asked details of their background such as age, gender, ethnicity etc. SRS are often carried out on young adults and often include quite minor crimes, however, this does not necessarily mean they lack value as it’s these instances that rarely appear in the OCS.