Karteikarten
Addiction
Karten in diesem Stapel (19)
- 1AddictionA disorder in which an individual takes a substance or engages in a behaviour that is pleasurable but eventually becomes compulsive with harmful consequences
A repeated habit pattern that increases risk of disease or associated personal/social problems. - 2Key features of addictionPhysical and/or psychological dependence
Tolerance
Withdrawal syndrome - 3Clinical criteria of addictionCarnes (1991):
Out-of-control behaviour
Severe consequences
Inability to stop despite consequences
Desire to stop
Use of it as a coping strategy
Tolerance
Lots of time spent on the addiction
Severe mood changes
Sacrifice of social, occupational and recreational activities - 4Krivanck (1988)Addiction is best seen as a process, not a behaviour, and best explained on a spectrum of severity
- 5Physical dependenceA state of the body due to habitual drug use, resulting in a withdrawal syndrome when use of the drug is reduced or stopped.
Only possible to determine when person abstains - anxiety, pain, irritability, shaking. - 6Psychological dependence/salienceA compulsion to continue taking a drug because its use is rewarding; it is the most important thing to the person.
Increase in pleasure or decrease in discomfort.
Continue to take the drug until it becomes habit, despite harmful consequences. - 7ToleranceReduction in response to a drug so that the addicted individual needs more to achieve the same desired effects.
Caused by repeated exposure to a drug. - 8Behavioural toleranceThrough experience, an individual learns to adjust behaviour to compensate for the effects of a drug.
E.g. learning to walk slowly when drunk. - 9Cross-toleranceDeveloping tolerance to one type of drug can reduce sensitivity to another type of drug.
Surgery - alcoholics need higher doses of anaesthetic.
May be used therapeutically - benzodiazepines to reduce withdrawal syndrome in alcoholics. - 10Withdrawal syndromeSet of symptoms that develop when their addicted individual abstains from or reduces their substance use/behaviour.
Indicates physical dependence.
Increases motivation to take the drug to avoid withdrawal - negative reinforcement; secondary psychological. - 11Mood modificationGetting a rush when engaging in the behaviour a can use this to bring about a mood change.
The same chemical can alter mood in different directions depending on time/setting - e.g. nicotine is a stimulant in the morning and a relaxant before sleep. - 12ConflictPursuit of short-term pleasure vs views of parents/spouse/friends; also results in conflict within the person
- 13RelapseTendency to return to the behaviour even after an apparent cure
- 14Risk factorsAny internal or external influence that increases the likelihood that someone will start using drugs or engage in addictive behaviours
- 15Genetic vulnerabilityAny inherited predisposition that increases the risk of a disorder/condition.
Can help explain why some people become dependent and others do not, or progression from occasional use to physical dependence. - 16Sarafino (1990)Children born of alcoholic parents are 4x more likely than normal to develop drinking problems. This tendency remained true when adopted by non-alcoholic parents.
- 17Agraval and Lynskey (2008)Moderate to high concordance rates (0.3-0.7) for addiction to a range of drugs. However, reported that age, gender and culture were also major factors.
- 18Slutske (2010)5000 individuals. Concordance rate for MZ twin was twice as high as that for DZ twins for gambling addiction. Similar risks for men and women. However, she points out that it is impossible to isolate genetic and environmental effects.
- 19DopamineDRD2 gene codes for D2 receptor. Abnormally low numbers associated with addiction as less pleasure is perceived per dose.
Dalley et al. - impulsive rats with fewer dopamine receptors were more likely to self-administer cocaine.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Karteikarten am Addiction, erstellt von Amy Warrell am 25/04/2019.
- Erstellt von
- Amy Warrell
- Aufrufe
- 0
- Bewertung